Dry mouth, or xerostomia, can be caused by a number of health conditions, including medication use, chemotherapy and medical conditions that affect the nerves in the head and neck. People who smoke or chew tobacco may also experience symptoms of dry mouth. Sometimes xerostomia is simply a part of growing older. Dry mouth may be just annoying to some people but, in others, can lead to tooth decay and other, more serious health issues. Recognizing the signs of dry mouth, along with understanding the risk factors, can lead to appropriate treatment.
Dryness
Dry mouth leaves the inside of the mouth dry, due to a decrease in saliva production. This is perhaps the most obvious sign in some people who experience xerostomia, but the dryness extends to outside of the mouth as well. The Mayo Clinic explains that people who have problems with dry mouth often have very dry, chapped lips. Sores that are similar in appearance to cold sores may appear on the outside corners of the mouth as well. The American Dental Association notes that people who have dry mouth may also experience abnormal nasal dryness. People who experience a decrease in saliva may find that the saliva they do produce feels thicker than normal.
Infection
The ADA explains that infection and periodontal disease can be a sign of dry mouth and become more prevalent in people who suffer from the condition. Saliva protects the mouth from bacteria and neutralizes acids that can cause decay. Inflammation of the gum tissue is also more likely in a person who has xerostomia and can lead to infection. Tooth decay can result from a lack of saliva and is not only a symptom of dry mouth but is a serious complication of the condition as well.
Impaired Function
People who have dry mouth may find that they have difficulty with some of their most basic functions. Eating, swallowing and talking can all be harder to achieve when the mouth is not adequately lubricated. The ADA states that some people who have xerostomia may have a chronic sore throat and speak in a hoarse voice.
Halitosis
Halitosis, the medical term for bad breath, is another common symptom associated with a dry mouth. Without enough saliva, food particles that are normally washed away from the teeth and gums, may remain in the mouth and produce an unpleasant odor. The Mayo Clinic reports that dry mouth can cause the sense of taste to be off as well.
