Gastroesophageal reflux occurs when food from the stomach backs up into the esophagus after eating. At the base of the esophagus lies a muscle known as the lower esophageal sphincter, which is responsible for opening and closing to allow food to pass. For infants with reflux, this sphincter loosens and food and stomach acid are allowed to pass back up the esophagus and sometimes out of the mouth.
Recommendations
According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, whole milk is not recommended for infants until they are at least 1 year. Whole milk contains too little vitamin E and iron, and too much sodium and protein for an infant. Whole milk may also be difficult to digest, contributing to spitting up and reflux. Infants should either be fed breast milk or formula until 1 year of age, when cow's milk can then be introduced.
Symptoms
Some foods impair the ability of the lower esophageal sphincter to remain closed, causing an increase in reflux symptoms. Foods such as chocolate, peppermint and high fat foods, including whole milk, may worsen symptoms of reflux. According to the Children's Hospital of Boston, symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux among infants include irritability, a refusal to eat, spitting up and vomiting, frequent respiratory infections and weight loss.
Considerations
Reflux is often mistaken for a milk allergy, which occurs in 2 to 3 percent of all infants. Babies with a milk allergy cannot tolerate milk protein and their bodies react negatively after consuming dairy, such as whole milk. Symptoms of milk allergy are similar to reflux and include spitting up, feeding intolerance and slow weight gain. Babies who are on formula, which is based on cow's milk, may also have an allergic reaction. Most babies outgrow a milk allergy with time.
Treatment
Reflux may be treated through several methods, depending on the age of your child and her symptoms. Some infants take medication that reduces the amount of stomach acid the body produces, which in turn lessens symptoms of reflux. In some situations, surgery may be needed to place a band around the stomach, creating a tighter opening and reducing regurgitation.
Prevention
You can help reduce symptoms of reflux in your baby by feeding him smaller amounts of food at a time and keeping him in an upright position after feedings for at least 30 minutes. Avoid feeding him high-fat foods such as chocolate or whole milk, which can exacerbate the symptoms of reflux. Always consult with your physician for guidance about your baby's diet to reduce reflux symptoms.
