As discussed on the Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis Network, wheat allergy is common in children but is typically outgrown by adulthood. Gluten is found in wheat, rye, barley and some oats and all of these must be avoided in people with a gluten allergy. An allergic reaction to both wheat and gluten occurs when a person's immune system mistakenly identifies these proteins as foreign and potentially harmful. When the immune system comes into contact with the proteins in these foods, a cascade of chemicals is released that results in the signs and symptoms of an allergic reaction.
Skin Rash
A person with an allergy to wheat or gluten will typically develop a skin rash minutes to hours after ingesting the allergenic food. This rash can be localized around the mouth or face or can present as widespread hives, known as urticaria. The rash is often extremely itchy and uncomfortable. Antihistamines can help to relieve the itching of the rash and often help resolve the rash quickly.
Gastrointestinal Problems
Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea are all potential signs and symptoms of a wheat and gluten allergy. These often develop within minutes to an hour after ingestion of the food, though diarrhea or bloating may take longer to develop. If these symptoms occur and the patient is known to have a food allergy, injectable epinephrine should be administered immediately to reverse the reaction.
Respiratory Problems
In severe allergic reactions to wheat and gluten, difficulty breathing, shortness of breath and cough may occur. A person with asthma is at particular risk and can develop an asthma exacerbation as a result of the allergic reaction. As with gastrointestinal problems, respiratory problems are a sign of a severe allergic reaction and medical attention should be sought immediately. If the person has a known allergy and has accidentally consumed wheat or gluten, injectable epinephrine should be given.
Anaphylaxis
In some cases, a person with a wheat and gluten allergy can develop a severe systemic allergic reaction known as anaphylaxis. This reaction can involve respiratory, gastrointestinal and skin involvement but also involves low blood pressure. Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening event and must be treated immediately with injectable epinephrine and supportive measures such as IV fluids and cardiac support in a hospital setting.
