Splints are used to immobilize broken bones, also called fractures, and for severe sprains. According to "Sheehy's Emergency Nursing Principles and Practice," the splint helps to minimize further damage or complications secondary to bone fragments or neurovascular injury and to reduce pain. When possible, the splint should include the joints above and below the injury to provide the best immobilization. Splints are not the same as a cast. A cast encloses the entire circumference of the extremity, whereas a splint supports the extremity and allows room for swelling.
Plaster or Fiberglass Splints
Most splints are made from plaster or fiberglass. According to "UpToDate," plaster splints when applied will take approximately two to eight minutes to harden, but do not reach their maximum strength for 24 hours. Plaster splints need to be kept dry, because water will cause the plaster to become soggy. Fiberglass splints will harden quicker, are lighter than plaster and are water-resistant. Once the splint is formed in the position necessary to support the injury, it is wrapped with an elastic bandage to hold it in place. Both plaster and fiberglass splints are effective in immobilizing fractures.
Soft Splints
There are a number of pre-made splints available that may also be used for some specific injuries. Inflatable air splints, which conform well and support the injury, are a common type of pre-made splint. One disadvantage to the use of the air splint is excessive pressure could compromise circulation; also, they stick to the skin, causing irritation. Soft pre-made splints are available and used in less acute injuries. For example, a minor wrist injury may be treated with a soft splint made of cotton-type material that slips onto the hand and wrist. The splint is adjusted to comfort by tightening laces. Other pre-made splints may be made of aluminum, such as a finger splint, or pre-formed elastic bandages may be used for ankle or knee injuries.
Traction Splints
Traction splints are a group of splints used for very specific injuries and are applied only by personnel with appropriate training. A common injury requiring a traction splint is a fractured femur. The traction splint is applied with one end stabilized against the pelvic bone and the other end attached to the foot and ankle. The end attached to the foot and ankle is tightened to create opposing force, which will help to align the broken bone and stabilize any further movement or injury.
References
- "Sheeny's Emergency Nursing Principles and Practice"; Mosby Elsevier; 2010
- UpToDate: Splinting of Musculoskeletal Injuries: Kronfol; 2010
