There are several possible causes of depression. Determining the role of neurophysiological mechanisms in depression involves primarily the structures and chemicals of the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system, as well as the endocrine system. Processes within these mechanisms can, however, be regulated to address depressive symptoms, notes the Hakomi Institute.
Causes
A number of variables can potentially play a role, such as genetic, biochemical, psychological or environmental factors, according to the National Institute of Mental Health. One dominant view is that chemical imbalances in the brain cause severe depression. Another dominant view, the Hakomi Institute stresses, is the role of the peripheral nervous system that functions to regulate automatic functions, such as heart rate or breathing. Impairment of these automatic functions can lead to depression.
Limbic System
The limbic system is the area of the brain that regulates emotions, physical and sexual drives, and response to stress. The hypothalamus is a part of the limbic system that plays a significant role in that it regulates functions, such as body temperature, sleep, appetite, sex drive, stress reaction, as well as the pituitary gland, which in turn regulates the hormones that affects other brain structures such as the amygdala and the hippocampus. Any disturbances, including how neurotransmitters function, can affect mood and behavior, the site All About Depression stresses.
Endocrine System
Through glands within the body, the endocrine system creates hormones that regulate processes such as reaction to stress and sexual development. Many people who are depressed have abnormal levels of some hormones in their blood, despite having healthy glands, according to All About Depression, which may also have to do with the changes in brain chemistry that are seen in clinical depression.
Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters are nerve cells in the brain that carry messages via electrical impulses. Three primary neurotransmitters found to be associated with clinical depression are serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine. These function to regulate emotions, reactions to stress, sleep, appetite and sex drive. Antidepressants are usually used to regulate the levels of neurotransmitters. The Hakomi Institute explains that some individuals that suffer from depressive disorder have lower than normal levels of norepinephrine and other neurotransmitters, which antidepressants help to raise.
Treatment
Prolonged or high levels of stress or trauma can alter brain chemistry leading to depression and changes in behavior. The site All About Depression notes that excessive levels of stress, emotional disturbance or trauma can lead to depressive disorders such as anxiety, depression and insomnia. In some cases, counseling and therapy to alter depressive thoughts and behavior can improve depression and anxiety symptoms. Other patients may also require prescription medications to change brain chemistry and treat depression.
