High blood pressure is defined as consistent blood pressure readings over 140/90 mm Hg. For most people, high blood pressure can be controlled with a variety of medications, called antihypertensives, and lifestyle changes such as increased exercise and low-sodium, low-fat diets. However, some of the most commonly prescribed medications for the treatment of high blood pressure carry the risk of a number of possible side effects.
Diuretics
Diuretics, which are also referred to as water pills, help reduce blood pressure by triggering the body to increase urination. Increased urination helps the body flush excess water and sodium from the body, which can help reduce blood pressure. One of the most common side effects of diuretics is a decrease in the mineral potassium in the body. Decreased levels of potassium can cause weakness, fatigue and muscle cramps. Diabetics on diuretics may experience increases in blood glucose. The American Heart Association also notes that a small percentage of men on diuretics may experience impotence.
ACE Inhibitors
ACE, or angiotensin-converting enzyme, inhibitors work by blocking the production of a certain hormone that causes the constriction of blood vessels. When the hormone is blocked, blood vessels remain relaxed and open. Possible side effects of ACE inhibitors include skin rash, loss of taste, chronic cough and, rarely, kidney damage. Women who are pregnant or trying to become pregnant should not take ACE inhibitors, according to the American Heart Association. These medications can cause low blood pressure, kidney damage and excess potassium levels in the baby.
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers
Angiotensin II receptor blockers work by blocking the hormone angiotensin II, which is a chemical that is also responsible for the narrowing of the blood vessels. Side effects of angiotensin II receptor blockers include dizziness and possible death to a developing fetus.
Beta Blockers
Beta blockers reduce nerve signals to the blood vessels and the heart, which can help to reduce blood pressure by reducing heart rate and the output of blood by the heart, according to MayoClinic.com. Beta blockers have many possible side effects including insomnia, cold extremities, depression, fatigue, decreased heartbeat, wheezing, shortness of breath, coughing and impotence.
Calcium Channel Blockers
Calcium causes the heart and arteries to undergo forceful contractions. Calcium channel blockers prevent calcium from entering the muscles of the heart and the arteries, which reduces the amount and severity of contractions and can reduce blood pressure. Possible side effects of calcium channel blockers include heart palpitations, edema in the ankles, constipation, headache and dizziness.
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