Zinc is a natural element and dietary mineral that plays an integral role in tissue growth and repair. Deficiencies occur because of inadequate dietary intake or malabsorption syndromes.
Significance
Deficiencies affect immune system function, collagen synthesis and cell division. Multiple body systems are affected, including the integument (skin).
Features
Dry skin, acne, white spots on fingernails, delayed wound healing and infections are mild to moderate symptoms of zinc deficiency. Acrodermatitis enteropathica is a genetic disorder which prevents absorption of zinc. Skin symptoms occur in infancy presenting with severe inflammatory rash around the mouth, eyes and anus.
Considerations
Zinc deficiency is rare in North America. However, individuals with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, liver or renal failure, or alcoholism are at risk. Vegetarians should monitor zinc intake.
Prevention/Solution
Zinc supplements are available over the counter or by prescription and include zinc gluconate or zinc sulfate. The Institute of Medicine recommended daily allowance of zinc for adult males is 11 milligrams and 8 milligrams per day for adult non-pregnant females. Dietary sources include wheat germ, whole grains, poultry, red meat and dairy products.
Warning
Zinc supplements should be taken with food to decrease nausea and vomiting. High-fiber foods decrease absorption. Take only the prescribed dose to avoid overdose.
References
- Copstead, L. C., & Banasik, J. L. (2000). Pathophysiology: Biological and Behavioral Perspectives (2nd ed.). New York: Saunders.
- Institute of Medicine
- Karch, A. M. (2008). 2008 Lippincott's Nursing Drug Guide. New York: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
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