Athletes or active individuals may experience tight calf muscles during or after physical activity. However, if numbness on the bottom of the feet accompanies this muscle tightness, a more severe problem or injury may be present. Therefore, consult a physician to receive a diagnosis and treatment plan. To understand the symptoms and ask important questions of the physician the anatomy and cause must be explored.
Anatomy
The calf consists of two major muscles -- the gastrocnemius and the soleus. These muscles are held in place by an inflexible tissue that creates the posterior compartment of the lower leg or calf. The posterior tibial nerve is also located in the posterior compartment. Although the gastrocnemius muscle, soleus muscle and the posterior tibial nerve are located in the calf, they move and innervate the foot.
Exercise Induced
Running and jumping may cause tightness in the calf muscles. The repetitive toe push off, or plantar flexion of the foot leads to fatigue and then tightness of the calf muscles. Muscle tightness may constrict blood vessels and impinge on the posterior tibial nerve. The decreased blood flow and impinged nerve may cause temporary numbness on the bottom of the foot. Proper footwear and cross training may help prevent tight calf muscles. Treatment may include heat, massage and stretching to improve flexibility and blood flow to the calf and foot.
Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
Tarsal tunnel syndrome describes when impingement of the posterior tibial nerve occurs on the medial part of the ankle and not in the calf. According to American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons on Foothealthfacts.org, symptoms include pain and numbness of the foot, but for some sufferers symptoms may extend up to the calf. Furthermore, individuals with flat feet are at an increased risk of tarsal tunnel syndrome and tight calf muscles. This is due to the added stress and force placed on muscles and joints. Proper footwear and orthotics may help support the foot and alleviate additional stress on the foot, ankle and calf. Treatment for tarsal tunnel syndrome includes physical therapy and surgery, depending on severity.
Acute Posterior Compartment Syndrome
Acute posterior compartment syndrome is when a blow occurs to the calf causing uncontrolled swelling. According to American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, this swelling in the posterior compartment builds up pressure creating damage to muscle and nerves [See reference 2]. Symptoms include tight calf muscles, swelling, and foot numbness. Wearing protective gear around the lower leg during sports and activities may decrease the risk of injury. After diagnosis surgery must be performed immediately to avoid permanent damage of muscles and nerves.
Chronic Posterior Compartment Syndrome
Chronic posterior compartment syndrome is less common than acute, but has the same debilitating symptoms. During repetitive high impact exercises swelling may occur in the posterior compartment. Over time this swelling creates pressure and then may damage muscles and nerves. Adequate recovery, cross training, stretching and massage may help to prevent chronic posterior compartment syndrome. For treatment avoid physical activities until symptoms subside, and surgery for more severe cases.
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