Abnormal mammogram results, while alarming, are not uncommon. Between 5 and 10 percent of mammograms demonstrate abnormal results that require additional follow-up, according to the website Abnormalmammogram.net. Most abnormal results are the product of conditions, such as calcification, scar tissue and benign tumors, and may require short-term follow up and periodic monitoring. Some abnormal mammogram results may require a biopsy to determine the reason for the abnormal outcome. While most biopsies of breast tissue show no sign of cancer, the website PartnershipforBreastCare.org reports that 15 to 20 percent produce results that indicate the presence of abnormal cells in the tissue.
Significance of Lumps
Lumps in the breast may trigger an abnormal mammogram result. According to the American Cancer Society, the most common causes of lumps include benign breast tumors, calcifications, cysts and an accumulation of precancerous, fast growing abnormal cells, which is a condition known as atypical hyperplasia.
Effects of Breast Calcification
Breast calcifications are calcium deposits within the breast, according to the Mayoclinic.com. The condition appears as white spots on a mammogram, and may cause an abnormal result. While most are harmless, a biopsy of suspicious areas may reveal abnormal cells within tightly patterned clusters of calcifications, a potential indication of breast cancer.
Breast Cysts
Breast cysts are fluid filled sacs commonly found in women in their 30s and 40s. Although they may cause abnormal mammogram results, MayoClinic.com reports that most cysts found in the breast are harmless and do not require treatment.
Benign Tumors
Benign tumors, known as fibroadenomas, are hard, non cancerous tumors that appear in the breast. These tumors are characterized as hard, smooth lumps with distinct shapes. While most cases are harmless, they will often cause abnormal mammogram results. Cysts and benign tumors causing abnormal mammogram results are often checked for cancer with a procedure called a core needle biopsy. This process removes cells from the breast mass and tests for the presence of abnormal cells, possibly an indication of cancer.
Abnormal Cells
Not all abnormal cells appearing during a mammogram or biopsy are cancer cells. Inflammation, infection and aging can cause cells to appear abnormal, according to MayoClinic.com. However, other abnormal cells in the breast may be an indication of cancer.
