Gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD, is a condition in which acid that is normally contained within the stomach backs up into the esophagus. At the bottom of the esophagus is a band of muscle called the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). When functioning correctly, the LES opens to allow food to pass into the stomach. If the LES does not close correctly, acid backs up and causes GERD symptoms. While there are medications to control this condition, it is also important to avoid GERD triggers.
Food
Many foods can trigger GERD symptoms and/or contribute to a weakening of the LES. They include caffeine, alcohol, chocolate, fried and spicy foods, vinegar, mint, tomato products, garlic, and citrus foods and drinks. These foods may cause an increase in stomach acid production. Each case is different, and it may be helpful to keep a food and symptom diary to discover personal trigger foods.
Smoking
Tobacco can inhibit saliva production. This is a concern because saliva acts as a buffer against stomach acid. When swallowing, the saliva pushes any acid back down. In addition, saliva contains bicarbonate, which is a mild acid neutralizer. Compounding the problem, tobacco may also stimulate stomach acid production and cause the LES to relax, allowing acid to regurgitate, warns the American College of Gastroenterology.
Obesity
According to the Mayo Clinic, a large stomach can place pressure on the LES and cause it not to close properly. This can happen when carrying extra weight, and it can also happen due to pregnancy. Losing weight can relieve the pressure and may also relieve GERD symptoms. With both obesity and pregnancy, it may be helpful to avoid lying down for two to three hours after a meal and propping the head up while sleeping.
Tight Clothing
Wearing tight clothing that restricts the movement of the stomach can also trigger GERD. Tight clothing may push the stomach upward, which can inhibit the LES from closing properly.
Hiatal Hernia
A hiatal hernia is diagnosed when a portion of the stomach pushes into the diaphragm. This can allow the LES to open and stomach acid to back up into the esophagus. If severe, surgery may be required to repair the hernia.
