Testosterone, an important steroid hormone, influences sexual functioning, reproduction, muscle and tissue growth; and other biological processes in males and females. In many respects, testosterone lays the foundation of male physiology. According to Dr. Chris Steidle, a physician and testosterone expert, "testosterone determines who men are "physically, emotionally and sexually."
Production
In men, the testes produce nearly all their testosterone. In women, the ovaries produce it, though in much smaller amounts compared to men. In both sexes, the adrenal glands yield some testosterone as well. The process is complex, involving more than just the reproductive organs. For example, a man's brain is stimulated, it triggers testosterone production via his pituitary gland. The pituitary makes follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. The latter enters his blood, and when it reaches the testes, signals the conversion of cholesterol to testosterone.
Function
Testosterone plays innumerable roles in the body. According to Steidle, it determines gender, your personality and sexuality; and several distinctive male traits. In males, testosterone ramps up during puberty leading to muscular, hair and skeletal growth along with an explosion of sexual desire. In adults, testosterone impacts stress and energy levels, competitiveness, as well as general mental and physical well-being.
Disorders
Testosterone levels vary greatly in adults. According to the National Institutes of Health, total testosterone can range from 300 to 1,200 ng/dL in men. In women, it can range from 30 to 95 ng/dL. Abnormally low testosterone levels in men may lead to sexual dysfunction, osteoporosis and depression. Abnormally high testosterone levels could mean ovarian cancer or poly-cystic ovary disease in women or testicular cancer in men.
Supplementation
If your physician determines your testosterone level is too low, he might recommend hormone replacement therapy. Testosterone is now available as an injection, trans-dermal patch, cream and gel. Prescription creams and gels have become more popular, as they are easy to apply to the arms and shoulders each day.
Considerations
Testosterone is a powerful steroid that should be monitored by a qualified physician. The NIH stresses the long-term effects of hormone replacement therapy are unknown. There is some concern that testosterone supplementation may increase the risk of prostate cancer. It can also decrease sperm production. Too much testosterone can also cause increased hair growth or hair loss; acne and aggression.
