GERD, also referred to as gastroesophageal reflux disease, is a chronic digestive disorder characterized by a burning pain in the chest and nausea after eating. The pain and nausea occur as a result of stomach acid and bile that reflux into the chest and throat after food enters the stomach.
Physiology
The esophagus and the stomach make up the beginning portion of the digestive tract. When food is swallowed from the mouth, it travels down the esophagus and enters into the stomach through a valve called the lower esophageal sphincter. In normal circumstances, the lower esophageal sphincter opens to allow the food to pass through and then closes to prevent food and stomach acid from traveling back up the esophagus. In those with gastroesophageal disease, the lower esophageal sphincter does not close properly. If the sphincter remains open, food, stomach acid and bile are able to reflux back into the esophagus.
Causes
A number of factors contribute to the development of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Those who smoke and drink alcohol excessively have an increased risk for developing the condition. Obesity can also result in gastroesophageal reflux disease. Certain medications, such as antidepressants, high blood pressure medications and sedatives, may also cause gastroesophageal reflux disease.
Symptoms
In addition to heartburn and nausea after eating, those with gastroesophageal reflux disease may experience wheezing, cough, swallowing difficulties, hiccups, voice changes, sore throat and regurgitation of food, according to Medline Plus.
Treatment
Initial treatment for gastroesophageal reflux disease usually consists of over-the-counter acid control medications, according to MayoClinic.com. Over-the-counter treatment options include antacids, medications to reduce acid production and medications that heal damage from acid. If over-the-counter medications are unsuccessful, prescription strength medications may be given. Occasionally, surgery is needed to correct the lower esophageal sphincter.
Complications
Over time, the stomach acid and bile associated with gastroesophageal disease can cause serious damage to the esophagus. An esophageal stricture, which is a narrowing of the esophagus due to scar tissue, may develop. Stomach acid can also erode the esophageal tissue, which may result in an open sore called an esophageal ulcer. Precancerous cell changes may also develop as a result of chronic exposure to stomach acid and bile.
Lifestyle Modifications
It may be possible for those with gastroesophageal reflux disease to avoid chest pain and nausea after eating by following a few diet recommendations. Avoiding trigger foods, such as fried foods, alcohol and chocolate, may help ease symptoms. Waiting at least three hours before laying down after a meal may also help reduce heartburn and nausea.
