Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, often referred to as ADHD, is a disorder in which children have difficulty regulating and controlling their behavior. It often manifests itself as difficulty sustaining attention and concentration, hyperactivity and/or impulsive actions. According to the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders," children must demonstrate difficulties with inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity in order to meet diagnostic criteria for one of the types of ADHD. The presentation of their symptoms must occur before the age of 7 and in at least two different settings, such as home and school.
Inattentiveness
One of the subtypes of ADHD is known as the inattentive type. Children with this subtype mainly show symptoms of inattention, meaning that they struggle to keep their attention focused on the task at hand. They may seem to ignore others when they are spoken to. They may be easily distracted from what they are doing. These children often miss the details, leading them to make careless mistakes and stray off task. When given specific instructions, these children often struggle to follow through on them. They tend to be disorganized and dislike activities that require significant concentration and focus. Some of these children may appear to be daydreaming and in their own world and process information more slowly. These children really struggle to maintain their focus and attention on the tasks they are given despite their best efforts.
Hyperactive Behavior
The second subtype of ADHD is known as the hyperactive-impulsive type. Children with this subtype diagnosis tend to have difficulties controlling impulses and behavior. Symptoms of hyperactivity include difficulties sitting quietly in their seat, tending to fidget at their desk at school or at the dinner table. They may talk incessantly and appear to be constantly moving and touching things. Completing quiet or inactive tasks are especially difficult for them.
Impulsive Behavior
Children with the impulsive symptoms of ADHD tend to have difficulty inhibiting their behaviors. They are often very impatient and have difficulty taking turns during activities. These children may interrupt others and call out at inappropriate times. It often seems as though they act without thinking. Children with the combined type show symptoms of both inattention and hyperactive and impulsive behavior.
References
- National Institute of Mental Health: What are the symptoms of ADHD in children?
- National Resource Center on ADHD: Symptoms and Diagnostic Criteria
- "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, text revision"; American Psychiatric Association; 2000
