Normal, healthy arteries are elastic, flexible structures that bend and move to allow blood to flow freely through them. When calcium accumulates in the blood, it forms plaque, which sticks to the artery walls and accumulates. In addition to calcium, plaque contains cholesterol, fat and other substances in the blood. This can cause a partial or complete blockage in blood flow as well as the hardening of the arteries. The calcium blockage of the arteries is referred to as atherosclerosis.
Causes
Atherosclerosis occurs as a result of chronic damage to the inner layers of the arteries over time. This damage may be caused by smoking; high amounts of fats, cholesterol and calcium in the blood; high blood pressure; and chronic high blood glucose due to diabetes, according to the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. When the arteries are damaged, they instantly begin to heal themselves. The constant damage and resulting healing process cause calcium, as well as other substances, to accumulate on the arterial walls.
Symptoms
The calcium blockage in the arteries will not usually cause symptoms unless blood flow is completely or significantly blocked. When symptoms do occur, manifestations depend on which arteries are blocked. Blockages in the coronary arteries, which carry blood to the heart, can cause chest pain, chest pressure, shortness of breath and abnormal heartbeat. Blockages in the carotid arteries, which supply the brain with blood, may cause weakness in the face and limbs, decreased ability to move the limbs, difficulty speaking, trouble understanding others, dizziness, loss of balance and sudden headache. Blockages in the peripheral arteries, which supply the legs, arms and pelvis with blood, can cause numbness, pain and the development of severe infections.
Treatment
One of the first steps in treating a calcium blockage in the arteries is to stop smoking to avoid further arterial damage. Other treatment options include various medications to stop the accumulation of plaque as well as diuretics. If the blockage is severe, surgery may be needed to open or bypass the artery to restore normal blood flow.
Complications
If atherosclerosis is left untreated, an area of plaque can break open, which will result in the formation of a blood clot. Blood clots in the arteries can lead to angina, heart attack or stroke.
Prevention
MayoClinic.com recommends a number of lifestyle habits that can help prevent the development of a calcium blockage in the arteries. Following a balanced diet and exercising regularly can help with weight management, which decreases the risk of blockages. Drinking alcohol in moderation or eliminating it completely is also beneficial.
