Overview Of Potassium Deficiency In The Elderly

Potassium is a mineral and an electrolyte that is required by the body for healthy heart, muscle and nerve function. Much of it is stored in the cells while a small amount remains circulating in the bloodstream. Some elderly patients become deficient in potassium but it is usually a treatable condition.

Causes

Potassium deficiency, also called hypokalemia, can result from many causes. Common causes in elderly patients include recurrent use of laxatives, diarrhea and fluid-reducing medications called diuretics. Other drugs such as corticosteroids and antibiotics are sometimes implicated. Chronic kidney disease sometimes results in low blood potassium. Frequent vomiting or heavy sweating can cause this electrolyte disturbance. The text, "Medical-Surgical Nursing," indicates that elderly patients who take the heart drug digoxin are susceptible to a lethal heart rhythm abnormality due to hypokalemia.

Symptoms

Symptoms of potassium deficiency in the elderly include muscular weakness, a weak pulse, frequent urination, constipation and confusion. Unfortunately, each of these symptoms may indicate a host of other conditions found in elderly patients. Other symptoms include nausea, vomiting, distended abdomen, anxiety and weak, ineffective breathing. Symptoms of severe hypokalemia include temporary paralysis and coma.

Tests

Low potassium is determined by a blood test, explains Medline Plus, a website maintained by the National Institutes of Health. Tests of other electrolyte levels are often performed at the same time. Blood oxygen levels may be obtained and an electrocardiograph, or EKG, may be performed to determine if the hypokalemia is affecting the heart's rhythm. Reflexes may be checked as part of a physical examination. The potassium level present in the urine is sometimes checked.

Treatment

Mild cases of potassium deficiency may be corrected by diet or by controlling an underlying problem such as persistent vomiting. Potassium supplements are sometimes prescribed. Severe hypokalemia must be treated by infusions of potassium through the vein. Sometimes, magnesium must be given at the same time. The elderly should not take a potassium supplement except under physician guidance, recommends the University of Maryland Medical Center. These supplements can interact with other medications or cause too much potassium to build up in the blood.

Prevention

Some cases of potassium deficiency can be prevented by following physician advice and eating a healthy diet rich in vegetables, fruits and beans. Milk products, meat and fish also contain the mineral. Elderly adults should avoid self-medicating for constipation or fluid retention to avoid the possibility of inducing hypokalemia or other serious health problems.