Define "essential Fatty Acids"

When a nutrient is described as essential, it means that the body cannot make it and therefore must be consumed in the diet. Fatty acids are the basic units of triglycerides and phospholipids, which are important for energy storage, insulation, maintenance of body temperature and protein transportation. There are over 20 types of fatty acids, but only two of them, linoleic acid and alpha-linoleic acid, are essential.

Linoleic Acid

Linoleic acid is an omega-6 fatty acid that is important in proper cell structure. Linoleic acid serves as a precursor for another fatty acid called arachidonic acid. Arachidonic acid is also important for the body cells and helps make eicosanoids, which help blood clotting, reduction of inflammation and maintenance of proper blood pressure. Linoleic acid is found in oils, sunflower seeds and pine nuts.

Alpha-Linolenic Acid

Alpha-linolenic acid is more commonly referred to as an omega-3 fatty acid. Alpha-linolenic acid is found in plants and plant oils, such as flaxseed oil, canola oil, soy oil and walnut oil. The fatty acid is converted into substances called eicosapentaenoic acid, or EPA, and docosahexaenoic acid, or DHA, in the body. Alpha-linolenic acid helps reduce chronic inflammation, which is a major contributor to diseases such as heart disease and arthritis. Alpha-linolenic acid also contributes to brain function and cognitive health and is essential for the proper development of a fetus.

Recommendations

Recommended intakes for omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids, which are given by the Food and Nutrition Board, a subgroup of the Institute of Medicine, vary based on age and sex. Adult males between the ages of 19 and 50 should aim to consume 17g of omega-6 fatty acids and 1.6g of omega-3 fatty acids per day. Adult women aged 19 and older should consume 12g of omega-6 fatty acids and 1.1g of omega-3 fatty acids. Women who are pregnant or lactating have slightly increased needs. They should consume 13g of omega-6 fatty acids and 1.3 to 1.4g of omega-3 fatty acids.

Deficiency

Deficiencies in essential fatty acids can lead to decreased growth in children, dry rashes, decreased immune function and poor wound healing according to the Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University. A lack of essential fatty acids can also lead to protein and energy malnutrition.

Considerations

It is important to discuss any fatty acid supplementation with a health care provider because supplements may interact with certain medications or other important nutrients according to the University of Maryland Medical Center. Taking omega-3 fatty acid supplements also carry a risk of internal bleeding.