Vitamin B-12 produces and maintains red blood cells, nerve cell function and DNA. It is also used to produce energy by converting proteins and fats into adenosine triphosphate, the molecule that stores energy. Vitamin B-12 deficiency can cause pernicious anemia, a condition characterized by fatigue, general malaise and nerve dysfunction in response to reduced oxygen delivery by abnormal red blood cells, according to the Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University and the University of Maryland Medical Center.
Cause
Vitamin B-12 deficiency is caused by a variety of factors. Individuals may have difficulty absorbing the vitamin through the intestine, particularly if a portion of the intestine is diseased or removed. Patients with Crohn's disease, intestinal cancer or colitis are prone to B-12 deficiency. When the stomach lacks adequate acid to breakdown ingested food the absorption of vitamin B-12 is compromised. Certain medications can lower stomach acidity, predisposing an individual to B-12 deficiency. People who practice vegetarianism or veganism are prone to B-12 deficiency, since the easily absorbed vitamin is primarily acquired through meat, shellfish, fish, eggs and dairy products. Deficiency is also caused by a lack of certain enzymes that use B-12 in the body, according to the Langone Medical Center.
Cure
To treat and cure vitamin B12 deficiency, physicians give B-12 intramuscular injections two to four days per week. Some physicians recommend daily B-12 oral supplementation in conjunction with injections,if deficiency is pronounced and pernicious anemia present. If bacterial overgrowth that which hinders nutrient absorption in the intestine causes the B-12 deficiency, physicians prescribe antibiotics to kill the bacteria. Patients can expect recovery following treatment; however, neurological symptoms may remain if nerve damage is severe, according to the Langone Medical Center.
Sources
According to the McKinley Health Center at the University of Illinois and University of Florida, adults need to consume 2.4 mcg vitamin B-12 to maintain a healthy body. Animal products such as beef, chicken, fish and shellfish contain vitamin B12; oysters contain the highest quantity. Dairy products and eggs are also good sources of B12. Individuals who practice veganism acquire B-12 by consuming foods fortified by B-12 such as nutritional yeast. Vegans can supplement with oral B-12 as well.
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