Sodium is an electrolyte that helps regulate the amount of fluid that stays in and around your cells. Too little sodium, or hyponatremia, is a condition caused by an imbalance in the sodium and water in the blood. Normal blood plasma levels of sodium range between 136 and 145 mEq/L, according to Ohio Health. Anything below 135 mEq/L is considered hyponatremia. There are many signs that indicate the possibility of low sodium levels.
Mental Changes
The brain is highly sensitive to any chemical changes in your body. A drop in your sodium level can lead to confusion, hallucinations, decreased consciousness or coma. According to Merck Manuals Online Medical Library, the elderly are more likely to experience severe symptoms with low sodium levels. Fluid retention from disorders, such as heart failure, kidney failure and cirrhosis, can lead to an overload of fluid, which can dilute the sodium to a dangerously low level.
Digestive Changes
Digestive changes that can be a sign of low sodium levels include nausea, vomiting and loss of appetite. Vomiting can also cause the sodium level to drop to an unhealthy level. A blood test ordered by your doctor can provide the information to determine if the digestive changes you experience are related to a drop in sodium or some other cause.
Neurological Changes
Neurological changes that can be signs of low sodium levels include restlessness, irritability, headache and seizures. The Mayo Clinic reports that a drop in blood sodium levels can cause the cells in your brain to swell and cause permanent damage. The more rapid your sodium level drops, the more likely you are to have serious symptoms. Treatment for low sodium may include water restriction and intravenous fluids.
Muscular Changes
As sodium moves throughout the cells, electrical signals are transmitted between the brain and the muscles. A low sodium level in the blood can cause muscular changes, such as lethargy, fatigue, muscle weakness, cramps or spasms. The Mayo Clinic recommends replacing water with sports drinks containing electrolytes when participating in demanding activities.
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