Sudden unexplained weight loss describes a significant drop in body weight occurring without changes in caloric intake or activity level. A weight drop of more than 5 percent can often indicate the presence of any of wide variety of illnesses or other health disorders. When rapid or unexplained weight loss is noticed, consultation with a health-care practitioner is recommended.
Definition
Body weight is determined by a complex mix of genetic and environmental factors that include diet, health status and activity level. Most middle-age adults reach a generally stable weight, which varies by no more than a few pounds in the absence of dieting or increased activity. Any weight loss of more than 10 pounds, or 5 percent of body weight, over six to 12 months is considered unexplained weight loss, according to MayoClinic.com. The greater the loss and the faster it occurs, the more likely it is that a significant underlying health disorder is present.
Dietary and Digestive Causes
Many causes of decreased nutritional intake and malnutrition can lead to weight loss. Loss of appetite can occur with various illnesses, medications, clinical depression, alcoholism and some types of cancer, as discussed by Dr. Glen Hastings on the University of Kansas School of Medicine website. Difficulty eating due to mouth or dental disease, swallowing disorders of the esophagus, stomach obstruction and neurologic disorders can lead to decreased caloric intake. Poor absorption of nutrients can be caused by celiac sprue, Crohn's disease, other intestinal problems, and gallbladder and liver diseases.
Indirect Causes of Weight Loss
Many health conditions can cause weight loss even with normal caloric intake and absorption. Common endocrine disorders such as diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism and some adrenal conditions will lead to weight loss, according to PatientPlus. Serious infections caused by bacteria and viruses, tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency virus and parasites might initially present with weight loss, as can some cancers, including lymphoma and leukemia. Kidney failure, advanced liver disease and some autoimmune diseases also can result in weight loss by affecting multiple body systems.
When to Seek Help
If unexplained weight loss of more than 5 percent of body weight occurs, a health-care provider should be consulted. Many cases of sudden unexplained weight loss will have associated symptoms that might suggest a cause. Other findings that should lead to consultation include a lump or non-healing sore anywhere on the body, persistent fevers, chronic cough or unexplained body aches and pains, according to MedlinePlus.
Evaluation
The evaluation of unexplained weight loss requires a complete physical examination and medical history, including recent diet and activity. Based on this information, more specific laboratory testing, X-rays and other tests can be ordered in search of a cause. Depending on the results of these studies, the best method of addressing dietary problems or treating an underlying disorder can be determined.
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