Manganese is an essential trace mineral that functions in several biological processes, including metabolism, maintaining bone health and wound healing. It is also cofactor for enzymes that play a role in reducing oxidative stress. The recommended daily intake set by the Institute of Medicine for manganese is 2.3 and 1.8 mg per day for adult men and women, respectively. The Linus Pauling Institute notes that there is only once case report of manganese toxicity occurring from long-term excessive supplement intake.
Neurological Side Effects
The Linus Pauling Institute reports that some studies have found that people exposed to high concentrations of manganese in their drinking water develop neurological abnormalities such as tremors, difficulty walking and muscle spasms. Infants, children and people with liver disease or iron deficiency are more susceptible to manganese toxicity. The Environmental Protection Agency has set a maximum allowable concentration of manganese in drinking water at 0.05 mg per liter.
Manganism
Manganese toxicity, referred to as manganism, has occurred in people with occupations such as welding, mining and smelting. In these occupations, people can be exposed to dust or fumes containing manganese. A review from the Linus Pauling Institute notes that if manganese is inhaled, it is not metabolized by the liver and is transported directly to the brain. Inhalation exposure to manganese can cause a slow onset of neurological symptoms similar to those of Parkinson's disease. The symptoms include tremors, gait abnormalities, muscle spasms, irritability and, rarely, hallucinations.
Lung Toxicity
In addition to neurological disorders, lung irritation may develop in those occupationally exposed to manganese, causing bronchitis and decreased lung function.
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