Ephedra is an ingredient that was used in some diet pills before 2004, when the FDA banned it. Ephedra is considered a stimulant that was often used in combination with caffeine to elicit weight loss. Clinical trials did show that ephedra was effective in weight loss in the short term, but trials evaluating its long-term safety and effectiveness were not done. The side effects of ephedra were the determining factor in the FDA's decision to ban the ingredient.
Gastrointestinal Upset
Information from the clinical trials of ephedra found that individuals who take diet pills containing ephedra plus caffeine are two to three times more likely to experience gastrointestinal disturbances than those who were given placebo. Side effects include nausea and vomiting, diarrhea or constipation and loss of appetite.
Headache and Psychiatric Changes
Some of the most common side effects experienced by people taking ephedra are headaches and psychiatric symptoms. Mood swings, anxiety and irritability are all common symptoms associated with these diet pills, although it was never clear to researchers whether the ephedra alone contributed to these symptoms or if the inclusion of caffeine in these pills contributed to such changes. Delirium, euphoria, hallucinations, depression, suicidal thoughts and insomnia were all reported as side effects of these diet pills as well.
Heart Irregularity
Since ephedra acts as a stimulant, it was found to have unpleasant side effects related to the heart and cardiovascular system. Chest tightness, irregular heart beat and palpitations were all reported. Other individuals reported serious side effects such as damage to their heart muscle as well as heart attacks, enlargement of the heart and high blood pressure, according to MayoClinic.com. Cardiac arrest was also noted as a side effect.
Breathing Difficulty
Ephedra was also found to affect the lungs and an individual's ability to breathe. Shortness of breath, fluid in the lungs and other breathing difficulties were reported.
Seizures, Stroke and Death
The Office of Dietary Supplements says that in a review of ephedra's safety, seizures and strokes were identified as serious adverse effects. Death related to ephedra usage was also documented, with two individuals dying after taking such supplements.
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