A diagnosis of autism usually first occurs sometime in childhood and is indicated by difficulties in social interaction, communicating with others and the presence of stereotyped or odd behaviors. Autism spectrum disorders, which include autistic disorder, Asperger's disorder and pervasive developmental disorder, occur along a continuum, with some or all of these symptoms present. Although traditional treatments tend to focus on behavioral therapy, there has been a growing use of dietary interventions to aid in symptoms reduction. One of the most commonly used diets to treat autism is the gluten-free, casein-free diet, or GFCF. Gluten is the protein contained in wheat, oats, barley and rye, and casein is the protein found in dairy products. The removal of these proteins is thought to reduce the symptoms of autism.
Symptoms of Autism
Symptoms of autism include difficulty interacting with others, communicating and engaging in unusual or repetitive behavior. Children with autism have trouble in social interaction. They tend to avoid eye contact and prefer to play alone. They do not look to others for help or comfort, preferring to be in their own world. In communicating, many children often have limited language skills or no speech at all. They have trouble with nonverbal communication as well and struggle to understand facial expressions or gestures. Additionally, unusual or repetitive behaviors may include toe walking or arm and hand flapping. They may also have stereotyped interests in certain activities (e.g. cars or trains) and have difficulty with any changes in routine.
Rationale for GFCF Diet
It is assumed that some children with autism have difficulty breaking down the proteins found in gluten and casein. Because their bodies do not produce the enzyme needed to aid in this breakdown, these proteins can pass through the intestines, into the bloodstream and cross into the brain where they interfere with neurotransmission. Essentially, they interfere with the brain's ability to send messages to perform certain functions. Interference in things such as attention, speech, odd behavior and social interaction has been found. It is thought that these proteins should be removed in gradual stages from the child's diet, starting with casein and following with gluten. It is important to supplement the child's diet with alternative sources of nutrition. Additionally, this diet proposes going on to remove not only gluten and casein, but also artificial colors, flavors and preservatives. Nutritional supplements are used to round out the diet.
Success of the GFCF Diet
There are mixed reports on the efficacy of the GFCF diet in reducing the symptoms of autism. Some families, as noted by the Autism Speaks organization, believe that they see noted improvements in the core deficits of autism when their child is on the diet. There are many parents who publish success stories suggesting that dramatic changes can be seen in some children. However, research on the diet has not been conclusive in indicating that there is a causal link between the diet and the reduction of symptoms. So while it has been shown to help some children, it is unlikely to be a successful treatment for all children with autism. The diet should be undertaken with caution and with a pediatrician's input, as it requires removing many items from a child's diet. Supplementing with vitamins and nutrients will be essential to maintain a healthy balance.
