Dry skin, or xerosis, is a common problem, particularly in climates with harsh winters. Exposure to the elements or underlying medical conditions can dry out your skin, making it flaky, scaly and sometimes painfully itchy. Over-the-counter lotions and creams can generally treat dry skin successfully, though extreme cases may require a visit to a dermatologist to determine the root of the problem and appropriate treatment.
Environmental Factors
Environmental stress is perhaps the most common cause of dry skin. A person who spends a lot of time cleaning without wearing rubber gloves may suffer from dry skin on the arms and hands as a result of harsh cleansers and hot water. If you spend a lot of time outdoors in extreme temperatures, your skin may become drier in the winter or summer, especially if you regularly skip moisturizer or sunscreen.
Environmentally-caused dry skin can be soothed by keeping showers brief and lukewarm rather than taking long hot baths. Avoid deodorant and antibacterial soaps, instead using body wash formulated with cocoa or shea butter. Drinking at least 64 oz. of water a day can help keep your skin hydrated from the inside out.
Eczema
Eczema, thought to be an immune system disorder, is also known as dermatitis. Eczema leads to irritation of skin and leaves the body feeling rough, dry and often quite itchy. The disorder can also change skin pigmentation, with affected areas appearing red, then brown. If not properly treated, eczema can lead to infection when skin becomes dry, cracked and broken.
According to MayoClinic.com, eczema may be accompanied by asthma or hay fever and usually appears in early childhood, although adult-onset cases have been reported. The areas of the body most commonly affected are the arms and backs of the legs.
Psoriasis
Psoriasis is characterized by a rapid buildup of dry, dead skin cells that take on the appearance of thick scales. Sometimes associated with arthritis, psoriasis is a chronic condition that may be accompanied by stiff joints or thickened, ridged fingernails. Psoriasis outbreaks may flare up for several weeks or months, then subside and eventually return.
MayoClinic.com reports that psoriasis results from T lymphocyte cells, usually responsible for attacking and eliminating viruses, turning on healthy skin cells. Treatments include application of topical corticosteroids and lifestyle changes such as minimizing stress, alcohol and smoking. Certain medications, such as lithium and beta blockers, may also exacerbate psoriasis.
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