Radiation is a term usually associated with x-rays, nuclear medicine and nuclear energy. There are two types of radiation, non-ionizing and ionizing radiation, and of the two, ionizing is the type that can produce health consequences over time. Specifically, ionizing radiation's energy is powerful enough to dislodge electrons from atoms that then damages the integrity of molecular structure. As a result, molecular properties may then recombine in harmful ways. While all types of radiation do involve some risk, the shorter the length of the wave, the higher the energy and the greater the risk potential. Thus, safety guidelines should be followed whenever you see a posted radiation warning sign or symbol.
Range of Effects
According to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, how a person is affected depends on several factors, such as the amount of radiation received and the period of exposure time. There are personal factors as well, for example, age, gender, health and nutritional status. The elderly and young are more susceptible to radiation effects. If the dose is low, some chromosomal damage can be repaired, however when significant cell alteration occurs and repair is not possible, cellular reproduction may be abnormal. This is the process by which cancer develops. The immediate effects of exposure to radiation can be called somatic effects that potentially can range from a sunburn to death.
Short-term Effects
Acute radiation syndrome is caused by exposure to ionizing radiation over a short period that can produce symptoms classified as radiation sickness, and such effects can begin within one to two hours after exposure. These effects may include dehydration, diarrhea and stomach cramps or nausea. Additionally, skin changes, hair loss and headaches may occur. Greater exposure to ionizing radiation results in more serious symptoms since ionizing radiation breaks down and destabilizes chemical structures. This includes cellular DNA damage that can set the stage for cell mutations, tissue damage or even cell death after a lethal dose of exposure.
Long-term Effects
Long-term effects of ionizing radiation exposure do not immediately appear, that is, they present after a number of years. A common delayed effect of radiation is cancer due to cells malfunctioning and reproducing in an out-of-control manner. Reproductive effects also may present, for example, menstruation disorders in women as well as low sperm counts in men. Genetic and birth defects may result, especially if exposure is during pregnancy. Cataract formation or loss of vision is also associated with latent and higher doses of ionizing radiation.
