Appetite loss is a common, yet usually temporary occurrence with cancer patients. According to the American Society for Clinical Oncology, 80 to 90 percent of all cancer patients experience appetite loss resulting in weight loss, anorexia and muscle wasting. Loss of appetite is blamed for deterioration and poor prognosis. Creativity and a trial and error process experimenting with foods, flavors and textures may be key.
Mood Disturbances
Many cancer patients experience feelings of anxiety, depression or fear attributed to diagnosis and treatment. Understandably, poor mood and related fatigue can lead to a loss of appetite. The National Cancer Institute suggests contacting the attending oncology team if this condition lasts for more than two days. The doctor can prescribe an antidepressant or anti-anxiety medication and make referrals for therapy and complementary medicine practitioners to enhance relaxation.
Tumor Location
The location of the tumor may also contribute to a loss of appetite. Especially as it pertains to cancers of the digestive system, early satiety and feelings of fullness, obstructions, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting make eating food a dreadful experience. the American Cancer Society lists treatments as an additional contribution, therefore compounding the situation. In some instances, changes may need to be made to the diet to include a lower fiber option, tube feedings or surgery to improve health and quality of life for the patient.
Pain
Pain is also a contributing factor to a loss of appetite. Not only can pain decrease the urge to eat, but medications used to control pain may suppress appetite or the ability to take in foods by mouth. In these instances, the priority is placed on maintaining the patient's comfort level and striving to keep them free from pain caused by tumor growth. The American Cancer Society suggests contacting the attending oncology team immediately if the condition is not controlled with medication, light exercise or liquid supplements such as Carnation Instant Breakfast or Ensure.
Difficulty Chewing or Swallowing
Chemotherapy, radiation and surgery can create appetite loss. Patients who experience difficulty with chewing or swallowing table foods may benefit from the addition of liquids, sauces or gravies added to make food moist. Others may find that they simply cannot take in anything that requires chewing, requiring them to process their foods in a blender or try softer foods. The American Society of Clinical Oncology says that puddings, yogurt or eggs may be satisfying substitutes. However, these may need to be offered as an addition to milkshakes, smoothies, baby foods or liquid nutritional supplements.
Altered Senses
When chemotherapy or radiation treatments are complete, one of the lingering side effects can be altered tastes and smell. Food simply loses its flavor, appeal or begins to smell bad. Creativity is needed to make foods more appealing with a variety of flavors and seasonings added. The American Cancer Society adds that patients who find flavorings and seasonings too offensive may need to keep the food bland. If the patient experiences nausea or vomiting from the smell of cooked foods, it may also be necessary to prepare foods elsewhere and only heat them through or serve them chilled to avoid offensive scents. In any event, it is important to remain optimistic and continue to experiment with offerings that please their palate and keep them eating.
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