GERD, or gastroesophageal reflux disease, occurs when stomach acid and other stomach contents travel backwards from the stomach into the esophagus. The chronic backwash of stomach contents causes irritation of the esophageal lining, which causes the characteristic symptoms of GERD -- heartburn, chest pain, sore throat, acid reflux and difficulty swallowing.
Physiology
Between the esophagus and the stomach is a valve called the lower esophageal sphincter. In healthy individuals, this sphincter opens to allow food from the esophagus to travel into the stomach and then closes to prevent that food and other stomach contents from rising back up. In those with GERD, the lower esophageal sphincter does not close properly. This can occur as a result of weak sphincter muscles or increased pressure on the sphincter. As a result, the valve cannot perform its function and allows stomach contents to leak into the esophagus.
Causes of GERD
Several conditions increase your risk of developing GERD. Some of the most common causes include obesity, smoking, pregnancy, dry mouth, asthma and diabetes, according to MayoClinic.com. A hiatal hernia, which is a condition in which an area of the stomach extends through the diaphragm, may also cause the development of GERD. Those with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, which is characterized by tumors on the pancreas and ulcers in the stomach, often experience GERD as well.
Diet for GERD
The proper diet can significantly help to alleviate symptoms of GERD. Every case of GERD differs, so foods that cause symptoms, or trigger foods, may differ among individuals. It is important to note specific trigger foods and avoid them whenever possible. Some common trigger foods include fried foods, high-fat foods, chocolate, alcohol, garlic, onion, caffeine and mint, according to MayoClinic.com. It can also be beneficial to eat several small meals throughout the day instead of eating a few large meals. This can help with digestion and can prevent the stomach from filling up too much.
Stress and GERD
Stress does not cause GERD, but increased amounts of stress can exacerbate symptoms. Engaging in stress reduction techniques such as deep breathing and meditation on a regular basis may help to control the symptoms of GERD. Low-intensity exercise, such as yoga, can also be beneficial in reducing stress. Planning out your day and avoiding overwork can also help.
Considerations
Although diet and stress reduction techniques can help to alleviate the symptoms of GERD, other treatment options may be necessary to eliminate the condition. Over-the-counter medications to reduce and neutralize stomach acid are available. Surgical procedures to increase the strength of the lower esophageal sphincter may also be needed.
