The coronary arteries carry blood supply to the heart with oxygenated blood from the lungs. Coronary artery disease occurs when the coronary arteries become overwhelmed with plaque, which is composed of calcium, fat, cholesterol and other substances that circulate in the blood. Coronary artery disease is the most common type of heart disease and the leading cause of death for both men and women in the United States, according to the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute.
Development of Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis begins when the inner walls of the arteries become damaged by exposure to various toxins, including high blood cholesterol, high triglyceride levels, cigarette smoke and high blood pressure. When the artery walls are damaged, it increases the likelihood that calcium and the other substances that make up plaque can build on them. When plaque accumulates on the arterial walls, the arteries become thicker and less elastic. This hinders blood flow and causes an increase in blood pressure as well as excess strain on the heart.
Symptoms
One of the most common symptoms of coronary artery disease is angina. Angina refers to chest pain that may be classified as increased pressure or squeezing chest pain that may radiate to the shoulders, arms, back, neck or jaw, according to the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Shortness of breath also commonly occurs in those who have coronary artery disease. As the progression of atherosclerosis and calcium buildup worsens, symptoms usually increase as well. The Mayo Clinic notes that some people with coronary artery disease may not have any symptoms. This is referred to as silent coronary artery disease.
Treatment
Treatment for coronary artery disease involves a combination of dietary changes, lifestyle modifications and medications. If you have coronary artery disease, it is important to eat a diet that is low in saturated fat and sodium and high in fruits, vegetables, whole-grains and lean protein. It is also important to quit smoking and engage in physical activity on a regular basis. Anticoagulants and medications to prevent high blood pressure can also be used in conjunction with lifestyle changes. In severe cases, surgical procedures may be necessary to open the narrowed arteries or bypass completely blocked arteries.
Complications
The Mayo Clinic notes that the most common complication of coronary artery disease is heart failure. Heart failure occurs when the body can no longer effectively pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. Other frequent complications include heart attack, stroke, aneurysm, peripheral artery disease and heart attack.
Prevention
One way to prevent coronary artery disease is to live a healthy lifestyle that includes avoidance of smoking and following a regular exercise routine. It is also important to keep other cardiovascular conditions, such as high blood pressure, controlled. Eating a healthy, balanced diet can also help prevent the development of calcium-containing plaque on the arterial walls.
