Gluten is a protein in wheat, barley, rye and occasionally oats. Some people are unable to tolerate gluten and experience a variety of uncomfortable symptoms, including stomach cramps, after ingesting gluten. This condition is called celiac disease, or less commonly, sprue. Celiac disease is genetic and may be triggered by surgery, pregnancy, childbirth, severe stress or illness, according to the National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse.
Physiology
The small intestine is lined with small, fingerlike projections called villi. These projections serve two purposes -- to increase the surface area of the small intestine and to aid in nutrient absorption. When those with celiac disease ingest gluten, an autoimmune reaction causes the immune system to mistakenly interpret gluten as a potentially harmful substance. The immune system produces antibodies to attack the villi in the small intestine, which damages them. The antibodies also attack other areas of the digestive system, causing adverse gastrointestinal reactions.
Symptoms
Most people with celiac disease experience stomach cramps, abdominal bloating and diarrhea after the ingestion of gluten. Because the ingestion of gluten triggers a systemic autoimmune response, people may also experience symptoms that are unrelated to the gastrointestinal tract. These symptoms include irritability, anemia, joint pain, muscle cramps, skin rash, oral sores and tingling in the legs.
Nutrient Deficiencies
In addition to gastrointestinal symptoms, those with celiac disease have an increased risk of developing nutrient deficiencies. When the villi in the small intestine are damaged, they cannot properly absorb nutrients. Because of this, many valuable nutrients may be lost in the stool. MayoClinic.com recommends talking to a dietitian to determine whether vitamin supplements may be beneficial.
Treatment
There is no way to cure celiac disease, but the avoidance of gluten in the diet can help prevent symptoms. Most foods that are made from grains contain gluten, so it's important to avoid breads, cereals, crackers and pasta. Items that are not so obvious, such as vitamins and gummy candy, can also contain gluten.
Complications
If those with celiac disease do not avoid gluten, it can cause a number of serious health complications. Bone diseases, such as osteoporosis and increased fractures, may develop. Those with celiac disease may also experience anemia, hypoglycemia and infertility. MedlinePlus notes that celiac disease can cause life-threatening conditions, such as liver damage, as well.
