Calcium and vitamin D contribute to metabolism and bone development. The active form of vitamin D stimulates the absorption of calcium and phosphorus from food in the intestines. Calcium and phosphorus are the main building blocks of bone cells. These two compounds give bone its strength and density.
Causes
According to the Merck Manuals, the most common cause of vitamin D deficiency is lack of exposure to sunlight. This is because direct skin exposure to the sun is necessary to produce the active form of vitamin D. This can happen in people who do not spend enough time outdoors, during the winter in certain latitudes, and in breast fed babies who are not exposed to the sun, since breast milk does not contain adequate levels of vitamin D.
Symptoms
The symptoms of calcium and vitamin D deficiency in children include muscle aches and weakness and bone pain. Children in particular are at risk for the development of rickets. According to the American Academy of Family Physicians, rickets causes bone to soften, making them easy to break. The symptoms of rickets in children include delayed growth, pain in the bones, fractures and problem with tooth development and cavities.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of calcium and vitamin D deficiency hinges on obtaining a thorough diet history; assessing the child for risk factors such as having dark skin, not spending enough time outdoors, or having restricted intake of vitamin D; and blood tests to determine the levels of calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D in the body. X-rays can reveal brittle bones with low mineral content, inflammation of the bone cortex and bowing of the long bones.
Treatment
Treatment of calcium and vitamin D deficiency starts with oral supplementation of these compounds. Once a day vitamin D supplements increase the blood levels of the active form within a day or two. About three weeks later, X-rays can reveal improved mineralization of the bones. Improve nutrition with calcium-rich foods such as dairy products and salad greens, and with vitamin D- fortified foods such as breakfast cereals and orange juice helps maintain appropriate levels in the blood stream.
Prevention/Solution
Exclusively breastfed babies should receive vitamin D supplementation, since breast milk does not contain enough vitamin D for the baby's daily requirements. Formula fed babies need vitamin D supplements if they ingest less than 16 oz. of formula a day. A balanced diet is the best strategy for prevention of vitamin D and calcium deficiency.
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