Diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases in children and adolescents. Childhood diabetes that occurs as a result of poor nutrition is called type 2 diabetes. The obesity epidemic, combined with the decreasing levels of physical activity in which children participate, are major contributors to the development of type 2 diabetes in children, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Physiology
The pancreas produces a hormone called insulin, which is responsible for controlling blood sugar levels in healthy individuals. When you eat, the pancreas releases insulin into the bloodstream, where it binds with glucose and helps the body use that glucose for energy. As the glucose is used up, the pancreas stops secreting insulin. In children with type 2 diabetes, this process is disrupted and glucose is allowed to accumulate in the bloodstream. This may be due to an insufficient production of insulin by the pancreas or an increased cell tolerance to the effects of insulin.
Causes
Poor nutrition can cause type 2 diabetes because the consumption of excess calories and fat can lead to excess weight or obesity. When a child puts on excess weight, the cells become slightly more resistant to the effects of insulin. As the weight increases, so does the cells' resistance. In addition to poor nutrition, a lack of exercise can also cause the cells to become less sensitive to insulin.
Symptoms
Some children may have type 2 diabetes for years without realizing it because the symptoms often appear very gradually, according to MayoClinic.com. One of the most common symptoms of type 2 diabetes is increased thirst. When glucose accumulates in the bloodstream, fluid is pulled from the tissues in an effort to balance out the concentration. This leads to feelings of thirst. Other symptoms include frequent urination, increased hunger, fatigue, blurred vision, delayed wound healing, frequent infections and patches of dark skin on the body.
Treatment
One of the most important steps a child can take in treating his or her type 2 diabetes is to eat a balanced diet. Eating a balanced diet can help maintain blood sugar levels and can contribute to weight loss, which may correct the type 2 diabetes. Increased exercise can also help the body use up any excess blood glucose, as well as further contribute to weight loss. Other treatment options include medications that can increase the cells' sensitivity to insulin and monitoring blood sugar levels regularly.
Complications
If poorly managed, type 2 diabetes can affect many of the major organs, including the heart and kidneys. Uncontrolled diabetes can also lead to complications with the eyes and nervous system. Diabetes can also increase a child's susceptibility to skin problems and infections, according to MayoClinic.com.
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