Crohn's disease is a chronic disorder, characterized by inflammation of the digestive, or gastrointestinal, tract. The digestive tract runs all the way from the mouth to the anus, and Crohn's disease can have an effect on any part of this structure. In most cases, however, it is the lower part of the small intestine, the ileum, that is affected. This condition can be debilitating and sometimes lead to life-threatening complications. One condition sufferers of Crohn's disease should watch for is excessive weight loss and signs of malnutrition.
Causes
The exact cause of Crohn's disease is unclear, but it is believed to be the result of an abnormal immune system response and genetics. The most prominent theory involves the bacteria that normally live in the intestines. It is believed that, due to mutations in a specific gene called NOD2, these bacteria set off an abnormal immune system response, which leads to inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract.
Symptoms
The most common symptoms of Crohn's disease include diarrhea, abdominal cramps and abdominal pain. Because Crohn's disease is believed to occur as a result of a systemic autoimmune disease, it also affects other areas of the body. Some widespread symptoms of Crohn's disease include arthritis, skin problems, fever and rectal bleeding. The National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse notes that severe rectal bleeding can eventually lead to anemia.
Malnutrition
According to the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America, people with Crohn's disease often have a decreased appetite. And yet chronic diseases like Crohn's disease actually increase a person's caloric needs. The combination of this increased caloric need and decreased appetite often leads to a significant weight loss. Crohn's disease is also associated with diarrhea and malabsorption of a variety of nutrients, including protein, fat, carbohydrates and water. As a result, those with Crohn's disease not only lose weight, but often become malnourished as well.
Treatment
The best way to control Crohn's disease is through diet. Avoiding foods that trigger symptoms and eating small meals throughout the course of the day can help relieve symptoms. It is also important for someone with Crohn's disease to make sure they are eating a sufficient amount, with enough calories and nutrients to maintain a healthy weight and avoid malnutrition. Anti-inflammatory drugs may also be used to help reduce the inflammation in the intestinal tract, which can further help relieve symptoms.
Complications
The most common complication of Crohn's disease is the development of an intestinal blockage. The chronic inflammation associated with Crohn's disease causes the walls of the intestine to thicken. In addition, scar tissue builds up on the intestinal wall, narrowing the opening of the intestine and leading to further blockage. Other common complications include the development of ulcers, fistulas and anal fissures.
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