Nasal sprays are used to treat conditions such as flu, allergic rhinitis, seasonal allergies and sinusitis. These sprays allow medication or saline to be applied directly to the nasal passages, providing relief of symptoms, including stuffy nose, runny nose, watery eyes, sneezing and nasal dryness. Several types of nasal sprays are available for short-term use, while others can be used for long-term relief of these symptoms.
Decongestant
Nasal congestion is the feeling of a stuffy nose, which is caused by the swelling of blood vessels and tissues in the nasal cavity. Decongestant nasal sprays are considered topical decongestants, because the spray is applied directly to the swollen tissues to provide relief of congestion. Dr. Williams Sears, an associate clinical professor of pediatrics at University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, indicates that all of the generic and major brand name nasal sprays contain oxymetazoline or phenylephrine. These drugs should only be used on a short-term basis, as repeated use can actually cause congestion. Side effects of spray decongestants are rare, but they can include dizziness, upset stomach and headache. Decongestant nasal sprays should be used with caution in people who have a history of high blood pressure (hypertension), thyroid disease, seizures and heart disease.
Antihistamine
When the human body is exposed to an allergen, white blood cells release a substance known as histamine. This chemical is responsible for allergy symptoms, such as sneezing, itching and runny nose. Antihistamines block the effects of histamine so that allergy symptoms are relieved. Antihistamine nasal sprays are used to treat a condition known as allergic rhinitis, a group of symptoms that occurs when you breathe in an allergen, such as pollen or dust. Common prescription antihistamine sprays are olopatadine and azelastine. These sprays are as effective as oral antihistamines, according to Harvard Medical School. Side effects of antihistamine nasal sprays include drowsiness, bitter taste in the mouth and headache.
Steroids
People who suffer from chronic sinus infections or sinus inflammation might benefit from using steroid nasal sprays. These relieve nasal congestion and increase sinus drainage to prevent recurrent congestion. Unlike decongestant nasal sprays, steroid nasal sprays do not offer immediate relief of sinus congestion. Examples of steroid nasal sprays include fluticasone, mometasone, budesonide, beclomethasone, flunisolide and triamcinolone. Side effects of these sprays include nosebleeds and dryness of the nasal tissues. Steroid nasal sprays are only available with a doctor's prescription, and should not be used for long periods of time without medical supervision.
Unmedicated
When it is hot and dry inside or cold and dry outside, there is a chance that the nasal passages will dry out. If this occurs, a crust can develop, increasing the risk of bacterial infections and causing discomfort. Unmedicated nasal sprays, also known as saline nasal sprays, are used to provide moisture to the nasal passages and help to remove mucus and crusts from the nasal cavity. These sprays are available without a prescription and can be used with relatively few side effects. Some saline sprays contain preservatives that cause stinging when used. If this becomes bothersome, purchase a preservative-free spray.
