Dry skin is usually just a nuisance that causes your skin to flake and itch. It's uncomfortable but can typically be treated. If your skin is excessively dry, there may be other underlying conditions that warrant a trip to the doctor's office. Some types of dry skin can be prevented, and most types can be treated.
Identification
Skin is the largest organ, weighing in around 8 pounds on average. It is made up of three layers that help to waterproof, insulate and guard the body against extreme temperatures, sunlight and chemicals, according to the National Geographic website. The outer layer of skin is called the epidermis, which consists of mainly the protein keratin. The middle layer is called the dermis; this layer gives skin its strength and elasticity. The base layer of skin, subcutis, is the insulating layer that also acts as a cushion for your insides.
Dry Skin
Dry skin is itchy and uncomfortable but not usually serious. As your skin dries out, plump cells turn into shriveled cells which create fine lines and wrinkles, according to the Mayo Clinic. Dry skin may present with a feeling of tightness, most notably after a shower, bath or swimming. Other symptoms include skin that appears shrunken or dehydrated, rough or red. It may itch and flake or peel. Dry skin can cause lines and cracks and sometimes deep fissures that can bleed.
Types
There are many reasons for excessively dry skin. Thyroid disorders can lead to dry skin because the thyroid produces too little thyroid hormone, which reduces the production of sweat and activity of oil glands, according to the Mayo Clinic. Psoriasis is a chronic, autoimmune disease that affects the skin. It causes the immune system to speed up the growth of skin cells, creating an overabundance of them, according to the National Psoriasis Foundation. There are many types of psoriasis, and it can affect any part of the body resulting in raised red patches with flakes or scales of dead skin. Psoriasis is extremely itchy. Eczema is a skin condition that irritates the skin all over the body, is very itchy and leaves the skin dry, rough, flaky, uncomfortable and at times painful, according to the National Eczema Association website.
Treatment
Treatment of dry skin typically involves moisturizers and lotions that can be found over the counter. Conditions such as psoriasis and eczema usually require something stronger. Treating your psoriasis depends on the severity and location. Topical treatments such as corticosteroids help to reduce inflammation. Other ingredients such as salicylic acid, coal tar, aloe vera, zinc, jojoba and capsaicin are used to moisturize, soothe, remove scales and relieve the intense itching, according to the National Psoriasis Foundation. Sometimes with severe psoriasis, prescription medications are needed. Eczema treatment also includes the use of topical steroids. Other topical treatments are anesthetics, antibiotics, antihistamines, antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory creams, gels, ointments and lotions, according to the National Eczema Association.
Considerations
Your skin is driest in the winter when humidity levels are low and is exposed to the cold air, according to the Mayo Clinic. Heating sources such as fireplaces, wood burning stoves and space heaters will dry out your skin as well. Frequent showers or baths, particularly with very hot water, break down the natural oils in your skin, drying it out. Harsh soaps and detergents can also dry out your skin. Too much sun will damage your skin, breaking down the collagen and elasticity, leading to wrinkles and dry skin.
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