Potassium is an element that's crucial to proper cardiovascular and kidney function, muscle health and the efficient conduction of electrical activity in the body. If potassium levels are too high (a condition known as hyperkalemia and often the result of kidney dysfunction), the risks of heart, nerve and muscle complications are also high. The University of Maryland Medical Center reports that "Older people have a greater risk of hyperkalemia because our kidneys get rid of potassium less efficiently as we age. Older people should be careful when taking medication that may affect potassium levels, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and ACE inhibitors."
Cardiac Arrhythmias
Because potassium, an electrolyte, helps balance electrical activity throughout the body, heart rhythm is an especially vulnerable system if potassium levels are out of balance. If you're experiencing unusual heart rhythms, one of the first tests you'll take is a potassium level test to help diagnose the source of the arrhythmia.
Muscle Weakness
One of the first signs of potassium imbalance (either too high or too low) is muscle weakness. The muscles, particularly in the extremities, may feel limp and even tingly. The treatment usually involves administering an intravenous solution of insulin and glucose to help the cells absorb and process the excess potassium.
Neuromuscular Control
In severe cases of hyperkalemia, a loss of neuromuscular control can result. If this occurs-especially if it's accompanied by symptoms such as shortness of breath, nausea and irregular heartbeat--seek immediate medical help.
Cardiac Arrest
If potassium levels are too high for any sustained period, the risk of cardiac arrest increases. Cardiac arrest is the abrupt stop of blood circulation due to the ineffective contraction of the heart. The National Institutes of Health reports that even during treatment for high potassium levels, patients should be watched carefully. The NIH states: "Cardiac arrest (absent heartbeat) may occur at any time during the treatment of hyperkalemia. Hospitalization and close monitoring are required."
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