Vitamin B-12, or cobalamin, is an essential vitamin that belongs to the B-complex vitamins. Vitamin B-12 is needed by the body to manufacture new healthy red blood cells and also to maintain a healthy central nervous system, according to MedlinePlus. Vitamin B-12 is mainly found in animal products such as eggs, meat, milk and poultry. A low level of vitamin B-12 can be due to reduced intake or malabsorption of the vitamin.
Vitamin B-12 Malabsorption
A low level of vitamin B-12 occurs when the body is unable to absorb the vitamin from foods. In order to absorb vitamin B12, intrinsic factor, which is a protein found in the stomach, is needed to remove vitamin B-12 from ingested foods, according to Oregon State University. The combination of vitamin B-12 and intrinsic factor are absorbed in the small intestine. Patients who have surgery to remove parts of the stomach or small intestine have decreased absorption of vitamin B-12 and are at increased risk for vitamin B-12 deficiencies.
Pernicious Anemia
A low level of vitamin B-12 leads to a form of anemia called pernicious anemia. Symptoms of pernicious anemia include fatigue, shortness of breath, bleeding gums, pallor, loss of appetite, memory changes, sore mouth, tongue problems, diarrhea, rapid heart rate, loss of appetite, pale skin and impaired sense of smell.
Complications of Low Vitamin B-12 Levels
Patients who have low levels of vitamin B-12 for extended periods without treatment may develop permanent nerve damage, according to Oregon State University. Patients with nerve damage due low levels of vitamin B-12 may experience neuropathy of the lower extremities, numbness and tingling in the arms and legs, weakness, difficulty walking, memory loss, mood changes and dementia.
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