Fish oils are composed of the essential omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, referred to as EPA and DHA, respectively. EPA and DHA are important for cell membrane health, influencing cellular communication, genetic expression and cell membrane protein responses. Fish oils possess anti-inflammatory action and exerts favorable effects on a wide range of illnesses. Over the last two decades research has revealed fish oil's value in several health related outcomes.
Heart Health
Some of the strongest evidence for the use of fish oil is in the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease. Several large-scale studies indicate beneficial effects on lipid profiles, platelet function, blood pressure and inflammation. Three large, controlled trials showed a 19 percent to 45 percent reduction in cardiovascular events when participants were supplemented with omega-3 oils, according to the Mayo Clinic. Fish oils also have an affect on triglyceride levels. In the May 2007 issue of Pharmacotherapy, the authors found that, in patients with triglyceride levels above 500 mg/dL, approximately 4 grams per day of EPA and DHA reduced triglyceride levels 45 percent. Data from these trials indicate those without cardiovascular disease should consume at least 500 mg of fish oil daily and those with existing disease should have a daily intake of at least one gram.
Rheumatoid Arthritis
The anti-inflammatory effects of fish oils have long been described in medical literature. Mechanisms of action have been shown to primarily involve reductions in various pro-inflammatory cytokines and leukotrienes. A study in the journal Epidemiology concluded that regular intake of oily fish and fish oil supplements led to a moderately decreased risk for developing rheumatoid arthritis. Another study from Rheumatology, showed patients with RA were able to reduce their intake of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs through supplementation with cod liver oil.
Mood Disorders
Essential fatty acids are critical for proper functioning of the brain. Reduced levels of EPA and DHA are often observed in patients with bipolar disorder and depression. Interestingly, high dietary intake of omega-6 oils in relation to omega-3 oils is implicated in a wide range of disease, including depression. Increasing intake of omega-3 oils can lead to a reduction in inflammatory substances in the body, thereby having a positive effect on mental health. According to a study in the journal Epidemiology, low intake of omega-3 oils is correlated with an increased risk of depression during pregnancy. Findings from a recent study in the October 2009 edition of Nutrition, indicate higher intake of fish and fish oil leads to decreased levels of chronic depression in women. Further, in a Cochrane Database System Review, a search of the literature revealed fish oil's positive role regarding mood and depression. "Bipolar disorder is a complex psychiatric disorder and is amongst the top thirty causes of worldwide disability. There is, however, mounting evidence that dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids may be beneficial in psychiatric conditions, particularly those involving disturbances of mood, " the authors stated.
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