Body mass index is a measurement of height and weight that corresponds to an individual's level of body fat. It is used by doctors as a convenient screening tool to help identify those at risk of weight-related health problems. A high BMI is associated with increased risk of heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes and other health conditions. A low BMI measurement may indicate poor nutrition and may increase the risk of certain health conditions including eating disorders, osteoporosis and fertility problems.
Definition
Body mass index, or BMI, is calculated by dividing your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared and multiplying by 703. A BMI of less than 18.5 is considered underweight. Your doctor can help you interpret this result based on your age, shape, sex and size.
Eating Disorders
In some cases, a low BMI is caused by an underlying eating disorder such as anorexia or bulimia. These diseases are potentially life-threatening and have serious health consequences including heart arrhythmia, low blood pressure, weakness and fatigue, loss of bone density, muscle loss, dehydration, kidney failure and heart failure. An eating disorder requires medical attention to treat the physical and psychological symptoms of the disease.
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by fragile, brittle bones that are at an increased risk for fractures. Underweight women are at an increased risk for developing the disease. Increasing calcium intake and physical activity levels can help reduce your risk. Avoid tobacco use and excessive alcohol consumption, since these further reduce your body's ability to absorb calcium and build healthy bones.
Decreased Fertility
If you are planning to become pregnant, the American Pregnancy Association recommends that you visit your doctor for a preconception checkup. Underweight women may wish to increase the amount of food they eat by adding additional healthy snacks, drinking more milk and being careful not to skip meals. An exercise program can help build muscle and increase overall energy.
Other Considerations
It is important to remember that the BMI measurement is not a diagnostic test but a screening method. For some individuals, this measurement gives an inaccurate indication of overall health. For example, elderly individuals may have low BMI due to the decreased muscle mass that occurs with aging. Your optimal BMI depends on age, frame, sex and other factors. Before beginning any weight gain plan, consult your doctor to determine whether a low BMI poses any health risks to you.
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