Creatine is an amino acid, and chains of amino acids form proteins in the human body. This protein building block can be obtained from the diet by eating meat and fish, and it is also manufactured in the kidneys and liver. It is also available as a man-made supplement in the form of pills, powders, drinks and other forms. Most of the creatine in the human body is in the muscles where it is used as an energy source.
Benefits
Classified as a supplement, creatine products are not regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as tightly as prescription drugs. Therefore, scientific studies may lack uniformity and quality. This makes solid conclusions about creatine's benefits difficult to affirm. MedlinePlus reports that creatine is possibly effective for improving performance in brief, intense sports such as sprinting. These benefits appear to be seen only in young, healthy people. Creatine also likely increases muscle mass and strength in the same population according to MayoClinic.com. Another effect of creatine is in benefiting those suffering from heart failure. Strength and endurance gains in these patients may be seen with creatine supplementation. The effectiveness of creatine use in those suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, muscular dystrophy, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or Lou Gehrig's disease have not been conclusively demonstrated.
Side Effects
Adverse effects of creatine pills may include stomach upset, nausea and loss of appetite. Muscle cramps, tears or strains may occur more frequently in those taking creatine pills. This supplement leads to increased fluid in the muscles and may contribute to weight gain as well as dehydration and heat intolerance, notes MedlinePlus. Creatine may damage the kidneys or liver and should not be taken by those with impaired function of either of these organs. Side effects may be more common when creatine is taken concurrently with other substances, including prescription and over-the-counter drugs. Those considering creatine supplementation should consult with their healthcare provider. Use with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen, may increase the risk of kidney problems. In combination with caffeine or ephedra, creatine may increase the risk of side effects, including stroke.
Precautions
The University of Maryland Medical Center notes that the safety and effectiveness of creatine has not been determined in those age 18 or under, and therefore the recommendation is for those in this age group to refrain from use. Similarly, creatine's effects on pregnant or breastfeeding women are unknown, and avoidance is advised.
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