Vitamin B12 is used in many biological processes including the synthesis of DNA as well as promoting healthy nerve and red blood cells. The use of certain medications, malnutrition and various health conditions can lead to the development of vitamin B12 deficiency. If left untreated, vitamin B2 deficiencies can result in severe complications such as anemia. To restore vitamin B12 levels within the body, physicians may prescribe vitamin B12 in the form of cyanocobalamin for intramuscular injection, MayClinic.com states.
Injection Site Complications
To administer cyanocobalamin intramuscularly, patients may be asked to self-inject doses of vitamin B12 using a syringe and needle. As with any injections, pain, redness and discomfort can occur at the injection site. In rare cases, an infection could develop at the entry point of the injection. To avoid these effects, patients should keep the injection site clean, wash their hands before and after, and use a new syringe and needle with each injection, U.S. National Library of Medicine states.
Allergic Reaction
Some individuals may have an allergy to one or more of the components in vitamin B12 injections. Symptoms may include itching, redness and the development of a rash. More severe reactions that include swelling of the mouth, extensive rash or difficulty breathing require the immediate attention of a medical professional.
Muscle Pain
Since vitamin B12 injections are given intramuscularly, they can cause muscle pain and weakness. The mechanism of this effect may be a function of the drug or physical irritation from giving injections intramuscularly, according to the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
Diarrhea
Vitamin B12 supplementation may cause diarrhea. It is important to stay hydrated if this occurs. Patients should contact a physician if severe abdominal pain or excessive diarrhea is present.
Leber's Disease
Leber's disease is a rare genetic disorder of the eye that results in deterioration of the optic nerve. Vitamin B12 can exacerbate this condition, causing swift deterioration of the optic nerve. Vitamin B12 should not be used in patients who are known to have Leber's Disease, MayoClinic.com indicates.
Miscellaneous Effects
Vitamin B12 injections are relatively safe. In rare cases, other side effects may include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, muscle pain, frequent urination and confusion. In most instances, these side effects are manageable. Patients should contact their physician with concerns regarding vitamin B12 injections.
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