HPV is the shorthand term for a virus called human papillomavirus. According to the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, there are more than 100 types of HPV that have been identified. Some HPV viruses are transmitted through sexual contact. There are approximately 40 types of HPV that can affect the genitals, causing the appearance of genital warts. There are different types of HPV that cause common warts on hands and feet. Warts are also called papillomas. Genital warts caused by HPV can appear on the penis and outside or inside of the vagina. These warts can spread to nearby skin. They can also grow on the anus, vulva or cervix. Not all strains of HPV cause warts. Some people with HPV have no signs or symptoms. For others, there can be serious complications to HPV.
Cervical Cancer
Some types of HPV can cause cervical cancer, although it is not common, and the strains of HPV that are linked to cervical cancer are different from the strains that are linked to genital warts. Genital warts are not usually linked with cancer. HPV can cause cells around the cervix to become abnormal. These abnormal cells typically go away, and the condition does not require treatment. The abnormal cells can become precancerous, although this is rare. A Pap test, also called a cervical cytology screening, can be performed to see if the abnormalities are precancerous.
Laryngeal Papillomatosis
Laryngeal papillomatosis is a disease that is characterized by tumors that grow inside the voice box, or larynx. The tumors can also appear in the respiratory tract, the passages leading from the nose into the lungs. It is a rare disease that is caused by HPV. The tumors can grow quickly. Children with laryngeal papillomatosis may have problems with swallowing and difficulties with breathing while sleeping. Adults who have laryngeal papillomatosis may experience chronic coughing, breathing problems and hoarseness.
Other Potential Risks
According to the National Cancer Institute, there is a strong risk factor for some types of HPV causing a certain form of cancer called oropharyngeal cancer, which is cancer in the middle area of the throat and includes the soft palette, tonsils and base of the tongue. There is also evidence that HPV plays a role in cancers that develop in the penis, anus, vulva and vagina.
Pregnancy
Genital warts caused by HPV may lead to complications during pregnancy. Warts in the urinary tract may make urination more difficult. Vaginal warts may reduce the elasticity of the vagina and cause obstruction during delivery. Newborn infants can develop warts in their throats because of genital warts in the mother. The warts in the throats of children can cause blockage of breathing passageways and may require surgery for removal.
