Type 1 diabetes is a chronic condition that occurs when the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin, a hormone that normally regulates and controls the levels of sugar in the blood. This sugar is known as glucose, which is broken down from carbohydrates in the digestive system and absorbed into the blood. Exercise is beneficial to those suffering from type 1 diabetes, as it regulates glucose apart from the presence of insulin.
Insulin
The purpose of insulin is to move glucose into cells, where the sugar is stored or used for energy. Without enough insulin, sugar can build up in the bloodstream to unsustainable levels, where it is unavailable for use by the cells. Type 1 diabetes is distinguished from type 2 diabetes, because the former originates as a genetic disease that causes the body's white blood cells to mistakenly attack the cells in the pancreas. After diabetes has been diagnosed, the most common treatment is daily insulin injections.
Effects
During exercise, the body uses glucose as fuel, causing an insulin-like effect and enhancing the uptake of sugar into cells. This counteracts elevated blood sugar levels that can occur after eating and reduces the amount of insulin that needs to be injected for the purpose of controlling blood sugar in those with type 1 diabetes. Because injections can be a ubiquitous nuisance, exercise should offer a small but welcome reprieve.
Details
For patients with type 1 diabetes, aerobic exercise is highly recommended, unless otherwise restricted by medical complications. According to the American Council on Exercise, you should exercise a minimum of three to four times a week at a low to moderate intensity for about 20 to 60 minutes each time. It is also a good idea to perform resistance training at least two days a week with a minimum of one set of 10 to 15 repetitions per exercise at a low to moderate intensity.
Considerations
Monitor your glucose levels before and after exercise to understand how your body responds to certain types. Because individuals with type 1 diabetes take medication, exercise may actually place you at risk for low glucose levels, which is known as hypoglycemia, so you should also carry a high-carbohydrate snack with you in case you need energy immediately. Type 1 diabetes is a dangerous condition; it's very important to exercise with a partner and wear an ID bracelet indicating your condition. It's also a good idea to consult a physician regularly for medical advice and guidance.
