Atherosclerosis is a condition characterized by the accumulation of plaque on the walls of your arteries. Plaque is composed of fat, calcium, cholesterol and other substances that circulate throughout your bloodstream. The accumulation of plaque can cause the arteries to become hardened and less flexible, which can hinder normal blood flow.
Causes
Atherosclerosis is believed to develop as a result of chronic damage to the inside of the arterial walls. When your arteries experience damage, the damaged portions are more susceptible to the accumulation of plaque deposits. Damage to the arteries is most commonly caused by smoking, high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, high amounts of triglycerides and uncontrolled glucose levels, according to the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute.
Symptoms
Atherosclerosis does not usually cause any symptoms until the artery has been significantly narrowed and blood flow has been completely or partially blocked. If you do experience symptoms, note that they vary based on which arteries are affected. If the coronary arteries, which supply the heart with blood, are blocked, it can cause chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue and irregular heartbeat. If the peripheral arteries, which supply blood to the limbs and pelvis, are blocked, it can result in numbness, pain and tingling in the arms or legs. When the carotid arteries, which supply blood to the brain, become blocked, the results are weakness, numbness, difficulty speaking, confusion, dizziness and severe headache.
Lifestyle Changes
One of the most important things you can do to help delay or stop the development of atherosclerosis is change your diet and lifestyle habits. Diets that are high in fat, cholesterol and sodium can contribute to the conditions that result in atherosclerosis. You should follow a diet that is rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy and lean protein. Exercise may also help halt the development of atherosclerosis. It is also important to quit smoking and limit your alcohol intake.
Medical Treatment
If lifestyle changes are not enough to treat atherosclerosis, your doctor may prescribe medications that can help. Cholesterol medications can help lower your cholesterol levels, while anti-platelet medications can aid in reducing your risk of developing a blood clot. It is important to continue lifestyle changes while taking medications as taking pills and injections is not a substitute for healthy living. If medications and lifestyle changes are unsuccessful, surgery may be needed to open the affected arteries and restore normal blood flow.
Complications
If left untreated, atherosclerosis can lead to serious complications. Blockage of the coronary arteries can lead to heart attack. Blockage in the carotid arteries may cause a stroke or an aneurysm, which is a blood hemorrhage in the brain. In severe cases, atherosclerosis in the peripheral arteries can lead to tissue death and loss of limbs.
