In 2009, the National Cancer Institute estimated there will be 192,280 new U.S. prostate cancer cases.
Definition
The prostate is a gland in the male reproductive system. It surrounds the urethra, the tube through which urine passes.
Risk Factors
While the exact causes of prostate cancer are not known, several risk factors have been identified, such as having a family history of the disease, being older than 65 and being African-American.
Symptoms
Symptoms of prostate cancer are not typically noticeable, and many cases are diagnosed at later stages. Symptoms can include difficulties with urination, blood in the urine or semen, pelvic discomfort and leg swelling.
Diagnosis
In order to appropriately diagnose prostate cancer, several tests may be needed, including a digital rectal exam; a blood test called a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test, which helps determine if PSA levels are dangerously high; a transrectal ultrasound; and a biopsy of the prostate.
Staging
Once the cancer is diagnosed, it needs to be staged; that is, it needs to be evaluated to see if and how far the cancer has spread. Four stages are designated, with Stage I being the least dangerous and Stage IV being the most severe.
Treatment
Treatment for prostate cancer may include "watchful waiting," with frequent medical exams to make sure the cancer is under control; surgery; radiation therapy; chemotherapy; and hormone therapy to reduce male hormones, which help prostate cancer cells grow.
