Head injuries incurred during football have become less severe since the 1960s, when, according to a 2010 article in "The New York Times," over 100 high school and college players were killed by skull fractures and bleeding in the brain. Football helmets were significantly improved after that time. But concussions still occur, and parents, coaches and players at all levels have reasons for concern.
Types of Concussions
Concussions occur from a player's head being hit directly, from his head falling on the ground or from a blow to another part of the body that causes the brain to shake rapidly or twist within the head. According to the American Council on Exercise, Grade 1 concussions are mild, and, while the player seems dazed, he does not lose consciousness. A Grade 2 concussion also leaves the player conscious, but he is more confused and does not remember being hit. In a Grade 3 concussion, the player loses consciousness and has no memory of being hit.
Symptoms
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention cautions coaches and parents of high school players to look for even one concussion symptom after a player is hit or jolted. Symptoms can occur up to an hour or more after the injury. The list of signs to look for include a dazed or stunned look in the eyes or one pupil larger than the other, confusion and uncertainty, forgetting a play or instruction, poor balance, slowness in conversation, failure to remember events before or after being hit, drowsiness, headache, nausea or unusual behavior.
Prevalence of Concussions
The Government Accountability Office is unable to estimate the incidence of concussions in high school players because of variations in reporting practices throughout the country. More statistics are available for professional players. "The New York Times" reported on a 2000 study that found more than 60 percent of players studied had at least once concussion in their careers and 26 percent had over three.
Dangers of Concussions
Concussions cause brain damage. Normally, the brain can repair itself, but a secondary concussion from a second injury after going back into the game can cause increased brain swelling, permanent damage and possible death within minutes, according to the American Council on Exercise.
Moreover, second concussions are four times as likely for players who have already suffered a concussion, according to "The New York Times." Long-term damage from concussions for professional football players include problems with memory and concentration, speech impediments, headaches, depression and possibly Alzheimer's disease.
Preventing Concussions
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention lists ways that parents and coaches can minimize risks for players. They advise "heads-up" play for practices and games, where players never lower their heads during hits. Of course, helmets and chin straps should be worn at all times. And school policies should stress the motto "When in doubt, sit them out."
References
- The New York Times: Head Injuries in Football
- American Council on Exercise: What Exactly Is a Concussion and How Long Should a Child Be Held Out of Athletic Competition after Sustaining a Minor Concussion?
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Heads Up -- Concussion in Football
- Government Accountability Office: Concussion in High School Sports
