An injury to the spinal cord can have permanent consequences. The spinal cord and brain are the most important parts of the central nervous system. The result of these injuries may be paralysis, which permanently affects the ability to move. Paralysis can be caused by other medical problems including cerebral palsy and strokes.
Paralysis
Paralysis is a general term used to describe the inability to move various parts of the body. Paralysis is generally caused by damage to the central nervous system. Paralysis can be complete, which is considered to be complete and permanent loss of nerve impulses to various muscle groups and bodily functions. With incomplete paralysis, damage is not absolute and the full extent of the injury is not known until 6 to 8 weeks later, according to the Spinal Cord Injury Network.
Paraplegia
Paraplegia is considered to be the loss of movement or function to the lower half of the body, generally the legs or trunk. This type of paralysis is often caused by damage to the thoracic level of the spinal column and lower. Paraplegia generally causes the loss of bowel and bladder control, sexual dysfunction, low blood pressure or the inability to control blood pressure, and chronic pain.
Quadriplegia
An injury to the neck area of the spinal cord frequently results in quadriplegia. The severity of the injury will determine the extent of the damage. Quadriplegia generally results in the inability to move all four limbs but could also affect the ability to breathe. Complete quadriplegia results in losing the ability to move anything below the neck, and sometimes the neck as well.
Complications
Damage to the central nervous system can affect other functions of the body. It is possible that bowel and bladder function will be lost. Respiratory issues may occur increasing the risk of respiratory problems like pneumonia. Immobility may lead to pressure sores, blood clots and increased risk of stroke. The loss of sensation related to paralysis can also cause secondary injuries like burns from the loss of sensation.
Treatment Options
Treatment for spinal cord injuries varies based on the extent of the injury. In the first hours after the damage, stabilizing the spinal cord is essential to decrease inflammation and prevent further damage. Eventually, rehabilitation with the help of therapists is needed. Rehabilitation will help to decrease the loss of muscle mass and to learn to manage new limitations. New therapy options are continually evolving, which may help patients regain some lost function.
