Vitamin B12 also known as cobalamin, is a B-complex vitamin that is important for the conversion of food into energy that the the body utilizes. B12 is also important for DNA synthesis, production of red blood cells and maintenance of healthy neurological functioning. B12 deficiency commonly occurs in patients with surgical resections of the stomach and portions of the small intestine. Patients with B12 deficiency experience several symptoms.
Megaloblastic Anemia
Vitamin B12 is important for DNA synthesis and for the production of healthy red blood cells together with folic acid. B12 deficiency leads to impairment in DNA synthesis. This impairment affects the rapidly dividing cells of the bone marrow resulting in production of large immature red blood cells, according to Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University. The large immature red blood cells do not contain enough hemoglobin to carry oxygen and this leads to anemia known as megaloblastic anemia. Megaloblastic anemia is treated with folic acid and B12 supplements.
Neurological Damage
Patients with vitamin B12 deficiency experience neurological damage because B12 is required for the maintenance of healthy nerve cells, according to the Office of Dietary Supplements. Patients may notice numbness and tingling in the hands and feet, lack of coordination, problems walking, depression, memory loss, mood changes and dementia. Permanent nerve damage can occur if a B12 deficiency does not receive treatment.
Decreased Energy
Vitamin B12 is involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats into glucose that can be utilized by the brain and the body. Patients with B12 deficiency may experience increased fatigue and decreased energy levels. Older adults present a high risk for having a B12 deficiency due to decreased production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach, which results in decreased absorption of B12 from foods, according to the ODS.
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