When the immune system reacts to a food as it does to a foreign substance, food allergy results. Food allergies are most common in children but can appear at any stage of life. Symptoms of food allergies range from skin rashes and digestive discomforts to shortness of breath. In some individuals, food allergies cause life-threatening complications.
Immune System Response
The immune system responds to food threats by producing proteins called IgE antibodies. The antibodies attach themselves to cells in the lungs, throat, nose, skin and intestinal tract. Immune cells release chemicals called histamines that trigger food allergy symptoms within minutes after eating a food or up to several hours later.
Culprits
While any food can cause an allergic reaction in a sensitive individual, the following foods commonly cause skin reactions: chocolate; eggs; berries; shellfish such as shrimp and crab; milk; tomatoes; tree nuts including walnuts; peanuts; food preservatives; and food additives.
Symptoms
The most common skin reactions from food-related allergies are hives and eczema. Hives are raised, reddish patches of dry skin that can burn or itch. Eczema appears as a patch of dry, exceptionally itchy skin -- typically on the elbows or knees, though it can appear anywhere on the body. Scratching causes swelling, redness and scaling and can eventually crack and damage the skin.
Treatment
Hives generally disappear without treatment after 24 hours, but acute cases can last up to six weeks. If throat swelling accompanies hives, seek immediate emergency medical care. Consult your health care provider if an episode lasts a long time or causes unreasonable discomfort. In moderate to severe cases, a physician may prescribe antihistamines.
Eczema can become chronic. Your physician may refer you to a dermatologist for assessment and treatment, which may include antihistamines or corticosteroidal creams to reduce itching and swelling. Moisturize the skin and avoid scratchy fabrics at the site of an eczema outbreak.
Prevention
The only way to prevent food allergies is to avoid culprit foods. Learn to read food labels. Many companies prepare foods in facilities that also produce allergy-causing foods, such as peanuts or tree nuts. You will find that information on food labels or in ingredients lists. Offer to bring "safe" dishes to dinner parties. At a restaurant, let your server know which foods you are allergic to and ask if they are used in any dish you consider ordering.
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