Chronic kidney disease, or CKD, includes a variety of conditions that prevent the kidneys from function properly. CKD may be caused by a variety of conditions including diabetes and uncontrolled high blood pressure. Prolonged hyperglycemia caused by diabetes leads to organ damage, including to the kidneys. Symptoms of CKD include fatigue, decreased appetite, muscle cramping, swollen extremities and frequent urination. Those living with CKD need to make specific dietary modifications to manage and delay the progression of the disease. A person's diet requirements may change depending on the stage of kidney disease.
Protein
Protein is required for muscle growth and tissue repair. According to the National Kidney Foundation, persons with CKD should eat a low protein diet to reduce the amount of waste in the blood and allow the kidneys to function longer. Protein is found in meat, eggs, dairy and in certain vegetables and grains. Protein recommendations vary depending on the stage of kidney disease. A low to moderate protein diet ranges between .6 and .8 g of protein per kg of body weight per day.
Calories
Due to the restrictions of a CKD diet, it is important to be aware of caloric intake. Eating enough calories helps to maintain weight, boost energy levels and utilize protein for muscle growth. Seek out high-calorie options like olive oil, canola oil or whipped margarine to boost calories. Simple sugars including jelly, jam, syrup and honey are also good options. CKD patients living with diabetes should seek out a registered dietitian who can provide a detailed meal plan to mange both diseases.
Monitor Fluid Intake
During the early stages of kidney disease, fluid consumption does not matter. As the disease progresses, a doctor will make specific recommendations regarding daily fluid intake. Patients on dialysis should be especially aware because fluid may build up in the body between treatments. Fluid is not limited to liquids. Foods including gelatin, lettuce, grapes, tomatoes, celery, soups, popsicles and ice cream have a high liquid content. Choose sodium-free foods and avoid the heat to limit thirst.
Sodium
A low-sodium diet not only reduces thirst but also prevents high blood pressure and decreases fluid retention. High-sodium foods include soups, cheese, frozen entrees, canned vegetables, tomato sauce and table salt. Read nutrition labels to determine sodium content of foods. Aim for less than 100 mg of sodium per serving.
Potassium
Potassium allows the heart to beat regularly. In patients with CKD, high potassium in the blood can lead to kidney malfunction and heart problems. Potassium is prevalent in potatoes, bananas, oranges, kiwis, melon, asparagus, avocado, tomatoes, squash, pumpkin and cooked spinach. Limit or avoid high-potassium foods.
Phosphorous
People with kidney disease may not be able to process phosphorous in the blood. This leads to an unhealthy buildup, which may result in itchy skin. Furthermore, bones lose calcium, which leads to weak and brittle bones. Choose low-phosphorus foods to reduce levels in the blood. Dairy, kidney beans, peas, lentils, nuts, soda and beer are high in phosphorus.
