There are three swords used in competitive fencing: the foil, epee and saber. Each is used slightly differently to score points. For example, only a touch with the tip of the foil can score a point, while the edge of saber can touch an opponent and score a point. Another difference is that the epee requires more force than the foil to score points. All three swords are used for men's and womens' fencing events in all major competitions, including the Summer Olympics.
Foil
The foil, about 35 inches long and weighing about 1 lb., is the most common sword used in fencing and the main weapon used to teach those new to the sport of fencing. In foil fencing, points are scored only when the tip makes contact with an approved area of the opponent's body, so you often see foil fencers lunging and extending their arms trying to make contact. Contact with the sides of the blade does not result in points. Longtime fencing coach Nick Evangelista says the key to foil fencing is self-control because there are very specific rules about the position of the body and the swords.
Epee
Epee fencing is similar to foil fencing in that points are scored only with the tip of the blade. However, any point on the opponent's body is fair game, while foil fencing is limited to hits on the torso. The other main difference between the two disciplines is that the epee sword has a little stiffer, thicker blade and a larger guard. It more resembles the classical dueling sword. An epee is about the same length as a foil but weights around 1.75 lbs.
Saber
Sabre fencing is a much more rough-and-tumble sport than the other two fencing disciplines but still has its rules and regulations. For example, points can be scored only with hits above the waist, excluding the hands. However, unlike epee fencing, which observes a strict "right of way" when it comes to attacking and defending and almost requires a less aggressive strategy, saber fencing rewards those who attack first. A saber also is around 35 inches long but usually weighs less than an epee.
Olympic Competitions
Foil, epee and saber fencing are all Olympic events, both in individual and team competition. In team competition, teams are composed of three fencers. Each fencer faces the three members of the opposing team for a total of nine bouts per match.
Scoring
In modern fencing competitions, wires and electric signals on both the swords and the opponents' outfits are used to determine when a legal touch has been made. No points are awarded for simultaneous touches. This electronic scoring system takes away judge bias and makes it easier to determine who makes the first touch.
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