Anemia is a condition characterized by red blood cell count. Sometimes anemia may be the result of low B12 vitamin intake or absorption. Vitamin B12 is needed to produce red blood cells. This type of anemia is known as B12 deficiency anemia or pernicious anemia. The word pernicious means deadly because in the past, this type of anemia was fatal. The Institute of Medicine Dietary Reference Intake recommends 2.4mcg/day of B12 for adult men and women between the ages of 19 to 30.
Causes
B12 deficiency anemia is caused by low levels of B12 as a result of malnutrition or poor absorption. A poor dietary intake of B12-rich foods such as dairy products, meat, eggs and shellfish may lead to anemia. Also, gastrointestinal conditions such as Crohn's and celiac disease decrease B12 absorption because this vitamin is absorbed in the small intestine, which is affected by these two conditions. Sometimes, your own body may start attacking cells important in the production of intrinsic factor, a protein important for B12 absorption, according to MedlinePlus.
Risk Factors
Being age 50 years or older may put you at a higher risk of developing B12 deficiency anemia due to low levels of intrinsic factor and stomach acid. Although older people are at higher risk, young people may also develop anemia, especially if there is a family history of the condition or parts of their stomach or small intestine are removed. Also, conditions such as Crohn's and celiac disease, both chronic conditions that affect the small intestine, may decrease the absorption of vitamin B12 and cause anemia.
Signs and Symptoms
Mild B12 deficiency anemia may not cause any symptoms. Common symptoms you may experience include diarrhea, constipation, fatigue, irregular heartbeats, shortness of breath, pale skin, swollen, red tongue, loss of appetite and weight loss. Lack of vitamin B12 may lead to nerve damage, according to the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Severe vitamin B12 deficiency may lead to neurological problems resulting in confusion, memory loss and dementia.
Treatment
A well-balanced diet provides vitamin B12. This vitamin is found in food such as fish, meat, poultry and eggs. One slice of beef liver provides 48mcg of B12 vitamin. Other sources rich in B12 include 3 oz. of clam with 34mcg of B12 and fortified cereals with 6mcg per serving. B12 injections are used in severe cases. Vitamin supplements by nose or mouth are also used to correct the condition.
